antibiotics

Question 1

Long-acting formulations of penicillin

Answer 1

(procaine, benzathine)

should be given orally only fatal iv

Question 2

oral penicillin

Answer 2

penicillin v

Question 3

adverse effects of anti staphylococcal penicillins

Answer 3

AIN

phlebitis

Question 4

drug of choice for enterococci

Answer 4

ampicillin

enterococcuas faecalis is almost susceptible whereas enterococcus faecium is generally resistanrt

Question 5

beta lactamase inhibitots : most potent

Answer 5

clavulanate is more potent

sulbactam has action against acinitobacter

Question 6

first generation cephalosporins

Answer 6

cefazolin
cephadroxil
cephalexin
cephalothin

Question 7

main advantage and disadvantage of first generation cephalosporib

Answer 7

first gen cephalosporins may be used in place of anti staphylococcal penicillins
however unlike anti staphylococcal penicillins they do not cross the bbb

Question 8

second generation cephalosporins

Answer 8

cefuroxime cefotetan cefomandole cefmetazole cefoxitin

Question 9

second generation cephalosporin spectrum

Answer 9

some enteric gram neg

particularly effective against haemophilus and neisseria

Question 10

only cephalosporins with anaerobic coverage

Answer 10

cefoxitin
cefotetan
cefmetazole

these are called the cephamycins and are particularly useful for surgical prophylaxis

Question 11

cephalosporinds with MTT group and their adverse effects

Answer 11

cefotetan
cefmetazole
cefamandole

disulfuram like reaction and may inhibit vitamin k production and prolong bleeding

Question 12

can g2 cephalosporins cross yhe bbb

Answer 12

no

Question 13

third gen cephalosporin with mtt group

Answer 13

cefpodoxime

Question 14

third gen with anti pseudomonal activity

Answer 14

ceftazidime

Question 15

third gen that can penetrate bbb

Answer 15

ceftriaxone
cefotaxime
ceftazidime

Question 16

why should ceftriaxone be avoided in the paediatric patient

Answer 16

interacts with calcium containing medication to form crystels that may precipitate in lungs and kidneys

may cause biliary sludging

Question 17

broadest spectrum cephalosporin

Answer 17

cefepime

activity against gram positive and gram negative including pseudomonas

Question 18

adverse effect of cefepime

Answer 18

neurotoxicity in the form of non convulsive status epilepticus

Question 19

anti staphylococcal cephalosporin

Answer 19

ceftaroline

Question 20

cephalosporin and betalactamase inhibitor combinations :spectrum

Answer 20

pseudomonas,enteric carbapenemase resistant enterobacteriacae ( ceftazidime /avibactum >ceftolozone?tazobactum)

poor action against anaerobes and acinitobacter

ony ceftazidime avibactum has effect on carbapenemase resistanr kleb )

Question 21

important aspects of spectrum of ertapenem

Answer 21

not effective against pseudomonas,acinitobacter and enterococcus

Question 22

utility of aztreonam

Answer 22

single ring of the 4 beta lactam rings.as a result displays no 2cross-reactivity with other betalactams

Question 23

in which beta actam hypersensitivity should aztreonam be used with caution

Answer 23

ceftazidime

it has structural similarity with aztreonam

Question 24

spectrum of aztreonam

Answer 24

same as ceftazidime
good activity against pseudomonas and most gram neg aerobes,moderate against acinitobacter and no activity against gram positives and anaerobes

Question 25

fluoroquinoilones with anaerobic activity

Answer 25

most anaerobes do not have anaerobic activity excep[t moxicip

Question 26

how are fluoroquinjolones metabolised?

Answer 26

concentrations. The long half-lives (4-12 hours) allow once- or twice-daily dosing. Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are excreted renally as unmetabolized drug, necessitating dosing adjustments in renal insufficiency. Moxifloxacin, however, is highly metabolized and does not require (Page 1012).