Antibiotics

Question 1

Name 5 ways bacteria become resistant?

Answer 1

By producing drug inactivators, decreased accumulation of drug in cell, altered binding site, alternative pathways and plasmid transference

Question 2

What is the 1st line drug for pneumonia?

Answer 2

Amoxicillin

Question 3

What is the choice of antibiotic for pneumonia with abscesses?

Answer 3

Could be staph aureus (gram +ve)

Cepahlosporins or quinolones

Question 4

Name the 3 types of antibiotic

Answer 4

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Nucleic acid inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors

Question 5

Name 5 classes of call wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic

Answer 5

PennyCarsCanMoveVans

Penicillins, carbapenems, cephalosporins,, monobactams, vancomycin

Question 6

Name 4 penicillins and the main fact about each

Answer 6

Amoxicillin- 1st line in pneumonia
Piperacillin- used in pseudomonas
Methicillin- altered binding site resistance
Flucloxacillin- B lactamase resistant

Question 7

What is vancomycin and when is it used? SE

Answer 7

Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
Used in MRSA and C.diff
SE= ototoxicity, allergic reactions

Question 8

Name a monobactam antibiotic and uses and SE

Answer 8

Aztreonam
B lactamase resistant
used in H. influenzae, gonorrhoea, meningitis, pseudomonas
SE= liver toxicity

Question 9

Name 2 carbapenems
class
uses
SE

Answer 9

Carbapenems are broad spectrum cell wall synthesis inhibitors, B-lactamase resistant
Meropenem
Imipenem
Used in foot, abdominal and gynae infections
Community acquired pneumonia

Question 10

Name 2 B-lactamase resistant cephalosporins and uses

Answer 10

Cefuroxime
Cefotaxime
Used in surgical prophylaxis, blind meningitis treatment
Septicaemia, pneumonia

Question 11

Name 5 classes of protein synthesis inhibitors

Answer 11

MAT C
Macrolides
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol

Question 12

Name 2 tetracyclines, uses and SE

Answer 12

Broad spectrum but lots of resistance
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
SE photosensitivity, tooth discolouration
Used for chlamydia, community acquired pneumonia, cholera

Question 13

Name 3 aminoglycosides, uses and SE

Answer 13

Gram -ve, cause misreading of DNA
Gentamycin
Streptomycin
Neomycin
SE ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Used for MRSA, septicaemia and endocarditis

Question 14

Name 3 macrolides, uses and SE

Answer 14

Gram +ve alternative to penicillins
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Used in resp infections and H. Pylori
SE: diarrhoea and jaundice

Question 15

Uses and SE of clarithromycin

Answer 15

Inhibits peptidyl transferase in ribosome
Used in conjunctivitis, meningitis and serios cases of H. influenzae
SE: grey baby syndrome (V. toxic)

Question 16

What class of antibiotics shouldn’t be used in pregnancy?

Answer 16

All protein synthesis inhibitors

Question 17

Name 4 classes of nucleic acid inhibitor

Answer 17

Saint Nick Tried Quitting
Sulfonamides
Nitromidazoles
Trimethoprim
Quinolones

Question 18

Name 2 nitromidazoles, action, uses and SE

Answer 18

Broad spectrum, inhibits DNA gyrase
Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Used in anaerobic infections, H. pylori, post surgery
SE: Interacts with alcohol and warfarin

Question 19

Name 2 sulfonamides, action, uses and SE

Answer 19

Sulfadiazine
Sulfamethoxazole
Inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase
Don't work with pus
SE: hypersensitivity, bone marrow supression

Question 20

Name 2 quinolones, action, uses and SE

Answer 20

Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
B lactamase resistant
Inhibits DNA gyrase
Used in hospital acquired infections, UTIs, bacillary dysentry
Can cause C. diff infection
Inhibits P450 and interacts with warfarin

Question 21

Action and uses of trimethoprim

Answer 21

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

Invasive salmonella, resp tract, shigellosis, UITs

Question 22

What is clotrimoxazole? actions and uses?

Answer 22

Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole
Inhibits both dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase
Used in PCP, pneumonia and toxoplasmosis

Question 23

What is sulfamethoxazole?

Answer 23

Sulfonamide antibiotic
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
Inhibits dihydropteroate sythetase

Question 24

What is metronidazole?

Answer 24

A nitromidazole antibiotic
Nucleic acid inhibitor
Inhibits DNA gyrase
Used for H. pylori and anaerobic infections

Question 25

What is ciprofloxacin?

Answer 25

A quinolone antibiotic
nucleic acid inhibitor
inhibits DNA gyrase
used in hospital acquired infections but can cause C diff infections

Question 26

What is chloramphenicol?

Answer 26

A protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
Inhibits peptidyl transferase in ribosome
Very toxic (grey babies!)

Question 27

What is erythromycin?

Answer 27

A macrolide protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
However blocks warfarin and antihistamine
Used in respiratory tract infections (pertussis, bronchitic etc)

Question 28

What antibiotics are used to treat H.pylori infection?

Answer 28

Amoxicillin and clarithromycin (or metronidazole) with a PPI (omeprazole)

Question 29

What is gentomycin?

Answer 29

An aminoglycoside antibiotic, blocks protein synthesis (by misreading DNA)
Used to treat gram -ve septicaemia, MRSA
SE= ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

Question 30

What is flucloxacillin?

Answer 30

A B-lactamase resistant penicillin antibiotic
Treats many gram +ve infections
(lyme disease, meningitis, UTIs)
SE: anaphylaxis, encephalopathy

Question 31

What is meropenem?

Answer 31

A carbapenem cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
B-lactamse resistant, broad spec
Treats community acquired pneumonia, foot and abdo infections

Question 32

What is azteronam?

Answer 32

Monobactam cell wall synth inhibs
B lactamase resistant, treats meningitis, gonorrhoea, pseudomonas, H. influenzae
SE: liver toxicity