Antibiotics Flashcards
Name 5 ways bacteria become resistant?
By producing drug inactivators, decreased accumulation of drug in cell, altered binding site, alternative pathways and plasmid transference
What is the 1st line drug for pneumonia?
Amoxicillin
What is the choice of antibiotic for pneumonia with abscesses?
Could be staph aureus (gram +ve)
Cepahlosporins or quinolones
Name the 3 types of antibiotic
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Nucleic acid inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Name 5 classes of call wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
PennyCarsCanMoveVans
Penicillins, carbapenems, cephalosporins,, monobactams, vancomycin
Name 4 penicillins and the main fact about each
Amoxicillin- 1st line in pneumonia
Piperacillin- used in pseudomonas
Methicillin- altered binding site resistance
Flucloxacillin- B lactamase resistant
What is vancomycin and when is it used? SE
Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
Used in MRSA and C.diff
SE= ototoxicity, allergic reactions
Name a monobactam antibiotic and uses and SE
Aztreonam
B lactamase resistant
used in H. influenzae, gonorrhoea, meningitis, pseudomonas
SE= liver toxicity
Name 2 carbapenems
class
uses
SE
Carbapenems are broad spectrum cell wall synthesis inhibitors, B-lactamase resistant
Meropenem
Imipenem
Used in foot, abdominal and gynae infections
Community acquired pneumonia
Name 2 B-lactamase resistant cephalosporins and uses
Cefuroxime
Cefotaxime
Used in surgical prophylaxis, blind meningitis treatment
Septicaemia, pneumonia
Name 5 classes of protein synthesis inhibitors
MAT C Macrolides Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol
Name 2 tetracyclines, uses and SE
Broad spectrum but lots of resistance
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
SE photosensitivity, tooth discolouration
Used for chlamydia, community acquired pneumonia, cholera
Name 3 aminoglycosides, uses and SE
Gram -ve, cause misreading of DNA Gentamycin Streptomycin Neomycin SE ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity Used for MRSA, septicaemia and endocarditis
Name 3 macrolides, uses and SE
Gram +ve alternative to penicillins Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin Used in resp infections and H. Pylori SE: diarrhoea and jaundice
Uses and SE of clarithromycin
Inhibits peptidyl transferase in ribosome
Used in conjunctivitis, meningitis and serios cases of H. influenzae
SE: grey baby syndrome (V. toxic)
What class of antibiotics shouldn’t be used in pregnancy?
All protein synthesis inhibitors
Name 4 classes of nucleic acid inhibitor
Saint Nick Tried Quitting Sulfonamides Nitromidazoles Trimethoprim Quinolones
Name 2 nitromidazoles, action, uses and SE
Broad spectrum, inhibits DNA gyrase Metronidazole Tinidazole Used in anaerobic infections, H. pylori, post surgery SE: Interacts with alcohol and warfarin
Name 2 sulfonamides, action, uses and SE
Sulfadiazine Sulfamethoxazole Inhibits dihydropteroate synthetase Don't work with pus SE: hypersensitivity, bone marrow supression
Name 2 quinolones, action, uses and SE
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
B lactamase resistant
Inhibits DNA gyrase
Used in hospital acquired infections, UTIs, bacillary dysentry
Can cause C. diff infection
Inhibits P450 and interacts with warfarin
Action and uses of trimethoprim
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Invasive salmonella, resp tract, shigellosis, UITs
What is clotrimoxazole? actions and uses?
Trimethoprim + Sulfamethoxazole
Inhibits both dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase
Used in PCP, pneumonia and toxoplasmosis
What is sulfamethoxazole?
Sulfonamide antibiotic
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
Inhibits dihydropteroate sythetase
What is metronidazole?
A nitromidazole antibiotic
Nucleic acid inhibitor
Inhibits DNA gyrase
Used for H. pylori and anaerobic infections
What is ciprofloxacin?
A quinolone antibiotic
nucleic acid inhibitor
inhibits DNA gyrase
used in hospital acquired infections but can cause C diff infections
What is chloramphenicol?
A protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
Inhibits peptidyl transferase in ribosome
Very toxic (grey babies!)
What is erythromycin?
A macrolide protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
However blocks warfarin and antihistamine
Used in respiratory tract infections (pertussis, bronchitic etc)
What antibiotics are used to treat H.pylori infection?
Amoxicillin and clarithromycin (or metronidazole) with a PPI (omeprazole)
What is gentomycin?
An aminoglycoside antibiotic, blocks protein synthesis (by misreading DNA)
Used to treat gram -ve septicaemia, MRSA
SE= ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
What is flucloxacillin?
A B-lactamase resistant penicillin antibiotic
Treats many gram +ve infections
(lyme disease, meningitis, UTIs)
SE: anaphylaxis, encephalopathy
What is meropenem?
A carbapenem cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic
B-lactamse resistant, broad spec
Treats community acquired pneumonia, foot and abdo infections
What is azteronam?
Monobactam cell wall synth inhibs
B lactamase resistant, treats meningitis, gonorrhoea, pseudomonas, H. influenzae
SE: liver toxicity
