Antibiotics-33

Question 1

Selective toxicity

Answer 1

Chemical ‘magic bullet’ to kill microbial cells but not the host cells.

Question 2

Bacterial cell components targeted by different classes of antibiotics are

Answer 2

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibition of Protein synthesis
3. Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
4. Inhibition of general metabolic pathway
5. Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis
   Special case-Inhibition of pathogens attachment or entry into host cell

Question 3

1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Draw

Answer 3

Penicillins,

Question 4

2. Inhibition of Protein synthesis

Draw

Answer 4

Aminoglycosides,

Tetracyclines,

Question 5

3. Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane

Draw

Answer 5

Polymyxins

Polyenes (Antifungal)

Question 6

4. Inhibition of general metabolic pathway

Draw

Answer 6

Sulfonamides,
Trimethoprim,
Dapsone

Question 7

5. Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis

Draw

Answer 7

Actinomycin, 
Nucleotide, 
Analogs, 
Quinolones, 
Rifampin

Question 8

Special case
Inhibition of pathogens attachment or entry into host cell

Draw

Answer 8

Arildone,
Pleconaril,
Enfuvirtide

Question 9

Vertical gene transfer

mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development

Answer 9

Mutation

Proportion of bacteria gains resistance to antibiotic X by mutation.
Some bacteria with resistance survives.
Recessive bacteria multiplies passing on recessive trait. Resistant bacterial populations survive encounters with Antibiotic X.

Question 10

Horizontal Gene transfer

mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development

Answer 10

Acquires genes through external sources eg transformation, transduction, conjugation.

Bacteria gains resistance by acquiring genes from external sources that occur through either transformation, transduction, conjugation.
Bacteria with resistance survive Antibiotic X.
Resistant bacteria multiplies passing on the resistant trait. Resistant bacterial populations survive encounters with Antibiotic X.

Question 11

Ways To reduce antibiotic resistance are

Answer 11

Decrease antibiotic utilization
Improve diagnostics
Identify new targets
Combination therapies

Question 12

Decrease antibiotic utilization

Answer 12

reduce infections and outbreaks through improved hygiene and infrastructure; restrict use in agriculture.

Question 13

Improve diagnostics

Answer 13

Methods to identify resistant bacteria can make treatment more effective, and reduce outbreaks

Question 14

Identify new targets

Answer 14

Some cellular pathways are hard for bacteria to bypass or modify, making them ideal targets for new antibiotics

Question 15

Combination therapies

Answer 15

Traditional antibiotics can combine with molecules that block resistance mechanisms.