Antibiotics Flashcards
What is a community acquired infection?
An infection that is acquired by a person who has not been hospitalized (within the past year) or had a medical procedure (e.g., dialysis, surgery, catheterization) within the past year
What is a Healthcare-associated infection
an infection that was contacted in a health care facility, was not present or incubating upon admission to facility,
What is the difference between A disinfectant and a Antiseptic?
Disinfectant: Kills organisms
Used only on nonliving objects
Cidal agent
Antiseptic: Generally only inhibits the growth of microorganisms; does not necessarily kill them
Applied exclusively to living tissue
Static agents
What are antibiotics?
drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections.
List and describe the three types of Antibiotic therapies
Empiric: treating an infection before a specific culture has been obtained
Definitive: Antibiotic therapy that is tailored treat an organism that has been identified with a culture
Prophylactic: Antibiotic therapy used to prevent an infection
Name the classes of Antibiotics
Sulfonamides
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Macrolides
Quinolones
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
What are the four MoAs of Antibiotics?
Interference with cell wall synthesis
Interference with protein synthesis
Interference with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication
Acting as a metabolite to disrupt critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell
What is the MoA of Sulfonamides?
Has a bacteriostatic action by preventing the synthesis of folic acid which inhibits the production of purines an nucleic acid
what are Sulfonamides indicated for?
for gram -ve and +ve MOs
Commonly used for UTIs, URTIs, Staphylococcus infections because of the high rate of community-acquired MRSA infections.
What are the Contraindications for Sulfonamides?
when taken with Celoxicib
pregnancy and infants < 2 yo
what are Adverse effects of Sulfonamides?
Anemia
thrombocytopenia
photosensitivity
NVD
pancreatitis
hepatotoxicity
crystalluria
cough
headache
should always take with 2000-3000 mL of water to prevent urine crystals, and be take with food
List the Sulfonamide drug you need to know for the exam
SMX-TMP (sulfamethoxazole with Trimethoprim)
Pharmacokinetics of SMX-TMP
Route: PO
OsA: varies
Peak: 2-4 hrs
HL:7-12 hrs
DoA:12 hrs
List the sub classes of Beta Lactam Antibiotics
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams
List the types sub types of Penicillin’s
Natural
Penicillinase-resistant
Amino
Extended spectrum
What is a the MoA of Penicillin?
The enter through the bacteria cell wall and bind to protein receptors in bacteria which interferes with the bacteria’s ability to form a effective cell wall which results in lysis of the cell
What are the indications of Penicillin?
the prevention and treatment of infections from susceptible bacteria (most commonly gram +ve)
What are the contraindications of Penicillin’s?
allergy
what are the Adverse Effects of Penicillin’s?
Angioedema, rash, NVD, abdominal pain, urticaria, pruritus
take with water not juice as the acidity interferes with the penicillin
List the Natural Penicillin Drugs you need to know for the exam
Penicillin G
Penicillin V
List the Penicillinase resistant Drugs you need to know for the exam
Cloxacillin sodium
List the List the Aminopenicillins Drugs you need to know for the exam
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
List the B Lactamase inhibitors drug you need to know for the exam
Clavulanic acid
Tazobactam
List the Extended Spectrum drug you need to know for the exam
Piperacillin
How many Generations of Cephalosporins is there?
5 (only four are used in Canada)
What is the MoA of Cephalosporins?
Same as Penicillin it interferes with bacteria’s ability to form an effective cell wall. is bactericidal in nature
T/F: the higher the generation of Cephalosporin the greater ability to fight gram negative bacteria?
True
What are the Indications of Cephalosporins?
The prevention and treatment of bacterial infections that are susceptible to the drug
What are the Contraindications of Cephalosporins?
Allergy
What are the Adverse Effects of Cephalosproins?
Angioedema, pruritus, urticaria, Rash, NVD
administer with food to prevent upset GI tract
Name the 1st gen Cephalosporins
cephalexin
Cefazolin
Name the 2nd gen Cephalosporins
Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime
Name the 3rd gen Cephalosporins
Ceftazidime
Ceftriaxone
What is the MoA of Carbapenems?
Antibiotics that have the widest antibacterial range of any antibiotic to date. they inhibit the formation of bacteria’s cell wall synthesis.
Name the 4th gen Cephalosporins
Cefepime hydrochloride
Indications of Carbapenems?
Reserved for acutely ill patients in hospital dealing with body cavity and connective tissue infections.
What Are the contraindications of Carbapenems?
allergy to penecillin
What are the Adverse effects of Carbapenems?
May cause drug-induced seizures, which can be mitigated with titration of dose.
What is the Carbapenem Drugs you need to know for the exam?
imipenem/cilastatin (inhibits the enzyme that breaks down imipenem)
What are Monobactams primary effective against
gram negative bacteria
What is the MoA of Macrolides
These drugs will prevent the protein synthesis in Bacteria’s cells walls by binding to the s ribosome (is a bacteriostatic drug)
Indications of Macrolides
Strep infections
mild to moderate Respiratory infections
Spirochetal infections
Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Contraindications of Macrolides
allergy
What are the Adverse effects of Macrolides
NVD, liver toxicity, flatulence, jaundice, anorexia
eat a snack for meal after taking to relive upset GI tract
What are the Macrolides Drugs you need to know for the exam?
Erythromycin
azithromycin
clarithromycin
What is Tetracyclines MoA?
Inhibit protein synthesis of bacteria by binding to 30s ribosomes (are bacteriostatic)
What are the indications of Tetracyclines?
Have a very wide spectrum against gram positive and negative Mos
What are the contraindications of tetracyclines?
allergy, avoid in pregnant and nursing mothers, not given to children under 8 yo
What are the adverse effects of Tetracyclines?
discolouration of teeth in children under 8
Possible skeletal growth stunting if taken during
pregnancy
alter the intestinal flora
upset the GI system
vaginal candidiasis
Avoid milk products, iron preparations, antacids, and other dairy products because of the chelation and drug binding that occur.
take with 180 mL of water
avoid sunlight and tanning beds
List some nursing implications for Antibiotics
ALWAYS OBTAIN A CULTURE
asses cardiac, renal, liver function, and allergies
instruct pt to take antibiotics are prescribed
monitor for super infection
always ensure you administer the right medication
all antibiotics should be taken with 180 mL of water
