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Nurs 251 Pharmacology 1 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a community acquired infection?

A

An infection that is acquired by a person who has not been hospitalized (within the past year) or had a medical procedure (e.g., dialysis, surgery, catheterization) within the past year

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2
Q

What is a Healthcare-associated infection

A

an infection that was contacted in a health care facility, was not present or incubating upon admission to facility,

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3
Q

What is the difference between A disinfectant and a Antiseptic?

A

Disinfectant: Kills organisms
Used only on nonliving objects
Cidal agent
Antiseptic: Generally only inhibits the growth of microorganisms; does not necessarily kill them
Applied exclusively to living tissue
Static agents

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4
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

drugs that are used to treat bacterial infections.

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5
Q

List and describe the three types of Antibiotic therapies

A

Empiric: treating an infection before a specific culture has been obtained
Definitive: Antibiotic therapy that is tailored treat an organism that has been identified with a culture
Prophylactic: Antibiotic therapy used to prevent an infection

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6
Q

Name the classes of Antibiotics

A

Sulfonamides
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Macrolides
Quinolones
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

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7
Q

What are the four MoAs of Antibiotics?

A

Interference with cell wall synthesis
Interference with protein synthesis
Interference with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication
Acting as a metabolite to disrupt critical metabolic reactions inside the bacterial cell

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8
Q

What is the MoA of Sulfonamides?

A

Has a bacteriostatic action by preventing the synthesis of folic acid which inhibits the production of purines an nucleic acid

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9
Q

what are Sulfonamides indicated for?

A

for gram -ve and +ve MOs
Commonly used for UTIs, URTIs, Staphylococcus infections because of the high rate of community-acquired MRSA infections.

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10
Q

What are the Contraindications for Sulfonamides?

A

when taken with Celoxicib
pregnancy and infants < 2 yo

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11
Q

what are Adverse effects of Sulfonamides?

A

Anemia
thrombocytopenia
photosensitivity
NVD
pancreatitis
hepatotoxicity
crystalluria
cough
headache
should always take with 2000-3000 mL of water to prevent urine crystals, and be take with food

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12
Q

List the Sulfonamide drug you need to know for the exam

A

SMX-TMP (sulfamethoxazole with Trimethoprim)

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13
Q

Pharmacokinetics of SMX-TMP

A

Route: PO
OsA: varies
Peak: 2-4 hrs
HL:7-12 hrs
DoA:12 hrs

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14
Q

List the sub classes of Beta Lactam Antibiotics

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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15
Q

List the types sub types of Penicillin’s

A

Natural
Penicillinase-resistant
Amino
Extended spectrum

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16
Q

What is a the MoA of Penicillin?

A

The enter through the bacteria cell wall and bind to protein receptors in bacteria which interferes with the bacteria’s ability to form a effective cell wall which results in lysis of the cell

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17
Q

What are the indications of Penicillin?

A

the prevention and treatment of infections from susceptible bacteria (most commonly gram +ve)

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18
Q

What are the contraindications of Penicillin’s?

A

allergy

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19
Q

what are the Adverse Effects of Penicillin’s?

A

Angioedema, rash, NVD, abdominal pain, urticaria, pruritus

take with water not juice as the acidity interferes with the penicillin

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20
Q

List the Natural Penicillin Drugs you need to know for the exam

A

Penicillin G
Penicillin V

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21
Q

List the Penicillinase resistant Drugs you need to know for the exam

A

Cloxacillin sodium

22
Q

List the List the Aminopenicillins Drugs you need to know for the exam

A

Amoxicillin
Ampicillin

23
Q

List the B Lactamase inhibitors drug you need to know for the exam

A

Clavulanic acid
Tazobactam

24
Q

List the Extended Spectrum drug you need to know for the exam

A

Piperacillin

25
Q

How many Generations of Cephalosporins is there?

A

5 (only four are used in Canada)

26
Q

What is the MoA of Cephalosporins?

A

Same as Penicillin it interferes with bacteria’s ability to form an effective cell wall. is bactericidal in nature

27
Q

T/F: the higher the generation of Cephalosporin the greater ability to fight gram negative bacteria?

A

True

28
Q

What are the Indications of Cephalosporins?

A

The prevention and treatment of bacterial infections that are susceptible to the drug

29
Q

What are the Contraindications of Cephalosporins?

A

Allergy

30
Q

What are the Adverse Effects of Cephalosproins?

A

Angioedema, pruritus, urticaria, Rash, NVD

administer with food to prevent upset GI tract

31
Q

Name the 1st gen Cephalosporins

A

cephalexin
Cefazolin

32
Q

Name the 2nd gen Cephalosporins

A

Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime

33
Q

Name the 3rd gen Cephalosporins

A

Ceftazidime
Ceftriaxone

34
Q

What is the MoA of Carbapenems?

A

Antibiotics that have the widest antibacterial range of any antibiotic to date. they inhibit the formation of bacteria’s cell wall synthesis.

35
Q

Name the 4th gen Cephalosporins

A

Cefepime hydrochloride

36
Q

Indications of Carbapenems?

A

Reserved for acutely ill patients in hospital dealing with body cavity and connective tissue infections.

37
Q

What Are the contraindications of Carbapenems?

A

allergy to penecillin

38
Q

What are the Adverse effects of Carbapenems?

A

May cause drug-induced seizures, which can be mitigated with titration of dose.

39
Q

What is the Carbapenem Drugs you need to know for the exam?

A

imipenem/cilastatin (inhibits the enzyme that breaks down imipenem)

40
Q

What are Monobactams primary effective against

A

gram negative bacteria

41
Q

What is the MoA of Macrolides

A

These drugs will prevent the protein synthesis in Bacteria’s cells walls by binding to the s ribosome (is a bacteriostatic drug)

42
Q

Indications of Macrolides

A

Strep infections
mild to moderate Respiratory infections
Spirochetal infections
Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
Mycoplasma

43
Q

Contraindications of Macrolides

A

allergy

44
Q

What are the Adverse effects of Macrolides

A

NVD, liver toxicity, flatulence, jaundice, anorexia

eat a snack for meal after taking to relive upset GI tract

45
Q

What are the Macrolides Drugs you need to know for the exam?

A

Erythromycin
azithromycin
clarithromycin

46
Q

What is Tetracyclines MoA?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis of bacteria by binding to 30s ribosomes (are bacteriostatic)

47
Q

What are the indications of Tetracyclines?

A

Have a very wide spectrum against gram positive and negative Mos

48
Q

What are the contraindications of tetracyclines?

A

allergy, avoid in pregnant and nursing mothers, not given to children under 8 yo

49
Q

What are the adverse effects of Tetracyclines?

A

discolouration of teeth in children under 8
Possible skeletal growth stunting if taken during
pregnancy
alter the intestinal flora
upset the GI system
vaginal candidiasis

Avoid milk products, iron preparations, antacids, and other dairy products because of the chelation and drug binding that occur.
take with 180 mL of water
avoid sunlight and tanning beds

50
Q

List some nursing implications for Antibiotics

A

ALWAYS OBTAIN A CULTURE
asses cardiac, renal, liver function, and allergies
instruct pt to take antibiotics are prescribed
monitor for super infection
always ensure you administer the right medication
all antibiotics should be taken with 180 mL of water

Nurs 251 Pharmacology 1 (7 decks)

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