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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

B- Lactams

A

Spectrum: G+ cocci, bacilli
Not active on G- bact (except the sythetic ones)
Actions: on actinomycetes and spirochetes
Penicilin and ce`phalosporine are bactericidal
Side efffects on pencilin: high doses are neurotoxic (SNC)

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2
Q

AMYNOGLICOSIDES

A

Associated to B-lactamos
active on G+ and G-
More active on acid alcohol resistant bacillus
Mode of action: Bactericidal in the multiplication and resting phase bacteria
Side effects: neurotoxic (cranial nerve pait VII) and nephrotoxic (during renal elimination -> degenerative process)
Side effect on streptomycin: affects vestibular branch, balance problems
Side effect on dihydrostreptomycin: alters cochlear branch-> deafness or decreased hearing capacity

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3
Q

Macrolides

A 
SPECTRUM:
More active on : G+ cocci and bacilli
Less active over: G- cocci and G- bact
More: actynomices, mycoplasma, protozoa
Action: bactericidal or bacteriolytic (depends on the dose)
Indications: respiratory, genitourinary, enteritis
Farmacs:
- Erythromycin lactobionate
- Erythromycin Thyocinate
- Tylocin
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4
Q

Sinergistine

A

cocci G+ and G- and G+ bacilli
NOT ACTIVE over G- bacilli
Acts on actinomycete, mycoplasma and some protozoa

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5
Q

Cyclic Polypeptides

A

Structure: amino acids and a fatty acid
Side effects: extremely toxic
Head pf series: Polymyxin (A, B, C, D, E)
Action: bactericidal or bacteriostatic (regardless of the development stage of the bact)
Active on (spectrum): G-. E.coli, pseudomonas
Farmac:
- Bacitracin: bacteriostatic, cocci G+ and G- and G+ bact

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6
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Wide Spectrum: cocci (G+ and -), rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasmas, actinomycetes, some protozoa
Action: bacteriostatic (by chelating metals that are necessary for the development and multpl of the bact)
SIde effects: Hepatotoxic (degenerativ phenomena on hepatocytes) specially when using chlortetracycline

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7
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Mode of action: bacteriostatic (cannot b associated w b- lactams)
Side effects: in high doses / long ttmnts-> degenerative process on hematopoietic organs (bone marrow)
Spectrum: wide (Cocci both, bacillus both…)
Crosses the HEB
Metab by feces, kidney and bile

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8
Q

Esters of Penicilin G

A

Association w:

  • crystalized penicilin G
  • crystialine penicillin G
  • procaine penicillin (tripedine, propamicin)

Example: Benzathine peniciline, procaine peniciline (ester of benzyl penicilin G)
The antibiotic base: the quantity of a pure antibiotic, w/out taking into account its actual salt

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9
Q

Ampicillin

A

Semisynthetic penicilin
Spectrum: wide (max action on G- bacilus)
Adm (oral/parenteral)

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10
Q

Ticarcillin

A

Semisynthetic Penicilin

Spectrum: (aerobic and anaeribic G+ and -)

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11
Q

Cephalosporines

A 
Structure: contains b-lactames ring
More resistant to b-lactamases produced by staphilococcus, They can have_
- Total resistance to all lactamases
- Resistant to one or more lactamases
- No resistance

Classes of cephalosporins:

  • Extraction
  • Semisynthetic
  • Synthetic
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12
Q

Pharmacokinectics of Cephalosporines

A

Great diffusion
Good penetration in parenchima, pleura, peric, synovialis
Bad penetration: eyes, CSF
Last gen penetrates HEB
Mode of action: bactericidal (mechanismo similiar to penicilins)

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13
Q

1st Gen Cephalosporines

A

Spectrum:
- Great action: G+ bact and G+ cocci
- Avarage action: G-cocci (more intensive in staphylococcus)
Restricted act: Gram - bact

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14
Q

2nd gen cephalosporines

A

Action: G+ bact
Active: G-: E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Salmonella
Very active against: Indole + species (Proteus)
Resistance: Citro and Enterobacter and P.aeuriginosa

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15
Q

2nd gen cephalosporines

A

Action: G+ bact
Active: G-: E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Salmonella
Very active against: Indole + species (Proteus)
Resistance: Citro and Enterobacter and P.aeuriginosa

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16
Q

2nd gen cephalosporines

A

Action: G+ bact
Active: G-: E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Salmonella
Very active against: Indole + species (Proteus)
Resistance: Citro and Enterobacter and P.aeuriginosa

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17
Q

2nd gen cephalosporines

A

Action: G+ bact
Active: G-: E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Salmonella
Very active against: Indole + species (Proteus)
Resistance: Citro and Enterobacter and P.aeuriginosa

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18
Q

3rd gen cephalosporines

A

Spectrum:

  • The widest (representative against P. aureginosa)
  • Weaker action against G+
  • Stronger against: G-
  • Active against: pseudomonas, B. bronchioseptica
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19
Q

Side effects cephalosporines

A 
Consideren non - toxic
High doses: hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic (human)
In animals irritation on th injection site
Recommended in:
- Resp infec
- Excret systm infec
-Osteomyelitis
Mastitis
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20
Q

Cefiotour

A

(Cephalosporin)
Mode of action: inhibition of the bacterial wall synthesis
Spectrum: wide (effective on most germs) (not active against mycoplasma)
Comercial: Vetimast (cefacetril), Pathozone, Excenel (ceftiofur)
Side effects: the ones in general

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21
Q

Rifampicin (A, B, C, D)

A

Mode of action: bactericidal or bacteriostatic
Spectrum: wide, resistant to digestive juices. Acts on G+
Not toxic to the eight cranial pair
Intervenes on general enteric infec
Antagonist: Penicilin and tetracyclines
Elim: feces and urine

22
Q

Bacitracin

A

Cyclic Polypeptide
Action: bacteriostatic (bactericidal) G+ and - cocci and G+ bact
Mix of 4 polypeptides: A, B, C, F
Batracin A is more used in vet

23
Q

Solvocilin

A

Tetracycline
Injectable
Widely used

24
Q

Doxycycline

A 
Tetracycline
Semisynthetic
Comercial: Dizenter
Most active
Associanted w vit K3
Ttmt of : dysentery and enteritis
25
Q

Clortetrasol

A

Tetracycline
Tto: bronchoneumonia, sepsis in newborns, arthritis, mastitis
Mix of: tretracycline, chloramphenicol, prednisolone acetate and lidocaine

26
Q

Terapentane T

A

Tetracycline
GET in calves
Mix of: aureloin, oxychinolein, gallin bismuth, astringent

27
Q

Trierra

A

Tetracycline
Antimiclobial and anti - stress factor
Broad spectrum of activity
Most often introduced on the feed

28
Q

Milbazon

A

Tetracycline

Mix: basic tetracycline, neomycin sulfate, tetracyclin sulfate, prednisolone, excipients

29
Q

Pristinamycin

A 
Various antib (group of sinergistines)
Elimin renal
In powders, sol, ointments
Admin oral or external
30
Q

Tiamulin (Dynamutilin)

A

Spectrum: mycoplasma, treponema, leptospira, germs G+ and -
Granules or injection
Toxic if mixed with: mosesin and ionophores

31
Q

Organic acids

A

(Topical antifungals)
Mode of action: fungistatic
Commercial: Zicudan (oinment), Mycosid (pulv)

32
Q

Tolfanate

A

Topical antifungal
Effect on: Epidermopython, Tricopython, Microsporum
No effect on candida
example: Benzuldazic: tto of dermatophyte

33
Q

Imidazoles (Topical)

A

Topical antifungals
Spectrum: antifungal, antiprotozoan, antibact, antiparasitic
Mode of action
1. Block ergosterol synthesis -> enzimatic inhibition
2. Dteremine (through the inhibition): amplifies the ampunt of peroxide in the cells
Most popular: Clotrimazole, Econazole, Miconazole, Ketoconazole, Thiabendazole

34
Q

Clotrimazole

A

Imidazol (topical antifungal)
Mode of action: similar imidazol
Spectrum: Aspergillus, Epidermopython, Microsporum, C. albicans
Side effects: rarely produces-> irritation, itching, erithema and edema
Commercial: Canesten

35
Q

Miconazole

A

Imidazol (Topical Antiungals)
Mode of action: similar to ketoconazol
In associated preparation: Canoderm, Surolan, OE therapy

36
Q

Natamycin

A

Imidazol (Topical Antifungal)

Has cell mb as site of action

37
Q

Candicidin

A

Imidazol (Topical Antifungal)
Mode of action: Fungistatic
In ovules, or ointemts

38
Q

Saramicedin

A

Imidazol (Topical Antifungal)
Fungistatic
In subcut fung infections

39
Q

Tricomin

A

Imidazol (Topical Antifungal)
Fungistatic: Hard to be absorbed
active in tto of candidiasis and trichomoniasis

40
Q

Variorin

A

Imidazol (Topical Antifungal)

Fungistatic and fungicidal in trichipythosis

41
Q

Griseofulvin

A

Antifungal antibiotic (systemic antifungal)
No effect on candida,
effect on: trichophytosis, epidermophytosis
Teratogen in advanced pregnancies

42
Q

Stamycin (Nystatin)

A

Antifungal antibiotic (systemic antifungal)
Polyene macrolide
Mode of action: antifugal -> it occupies the places of stearolic coupling on the fungal cell mb permeability and ion depletion
Spectrum of action: Candida and trichophyton
Not recommended the parenteral admn-> toxic
Commercial: Nysatin tablets

43
Q

Imidazoles (systemical)

A

Systemic antifungals
Mode of action: Interferes with ergosterol synthesis and coupling of phospholipids in the fungal cell mb-> rupturing and loss of cell content
Spectrum: candidiasis, criptococcidiosis, aspergillosis, coccidiomycosis
Eliminated through bile
Ketoconazole (metab in liver)

44
Q

Triazoles

A

Systemic antifungals
Mode of action : excellent antifungal actv (coupled to aromatic rings)
Spectrum: Aspergillus, Candida, Cryptococcus, coccidioides, histoplasma
Low toxicity

Most known:

  • Itraconazole: couples highly to plasma protein
  • Fluconazole: penetrates weakly to plasma protein
  • Mycetin: in dermatomycosis (fungicidal)
45
Q

Antiviral antibiotics (other antibiotcs)

A

Block the protein synthesis and degrades DNA
Intervenes in:
- RNA synthesis
- Stimulates the elaboration of interferon by aproppiate cells

HELENIN-> antiviral activity produced by penicilium
CYTIN-> from cultures of fungis that parasite tea leaves, results in sarcomatosis

46
Q

PUROMYCIL

A

Antiprotozoals (other antb)
Interferes with enzymes which ensures purine metab
Inhibits: nuleic acid synthesis

47
Q

Allicin

A

Phytonicide (other antib)
Action: germicide
From garlic and onion
Action: G+ and - germs, viruses and acidoresistents

48
Q

Tomatine

A

Phytonicide (other antib)
From tomato
Action: germicide
Soectrum: inhibits G+ bact and fungi

49
Q

Dicumarine

A 
Phytonicide (other antib)
Action: germicide
From red clover and melilot
Spectrum: G+ germs
insolv water, solub in organic solv
50
Q

Lysozime

A

Zoonicide (other antib)
Action: germicide
In most animal tissues

51
Q

spermine

A

Zoonicide (other antib)
Action: germicide
Spectrum: G+

52
Q

Ecmoline

A

Zoonicide (other antib)
Action: germicide
From fish roe
G+ and G-

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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