Antibiotics 1

Question 1

👾=mechanism of action
🤮=side effect
🤷🏻‍♀️= حجي عن الموضوع
💊💉👉🏿= what drug to use for what

Answer 1

.

Question 2

Gram - bacteria

Answer 2

🔸An inner cell membrane is present (cytoplasmic)
🔸A thin peptidoglycan layer is present (This is much thicker in gram-positive bacteria)
🔸Has outer membrane containing ✨lipopolysaccharides (LPS, which consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) in its outer leaflet and phospholipids in the inner leaflet

Question 3

Gram + bacteria

Answer 3

🔸Cytoplasmic lipid membrane
🔸Thick peptidoglycan layer
🔸Teichoic acids and lipoids are present, forming lipoteichoic acids, which serve as chelating agents, and also for certain types of adherence.
🔸Peptidoglycan chains are cross-linked to form rigid cell walls by a bacterial enzyme DD-transpeptidase.

Question 5

Penicillin resistant??

Answer 5

🔷b lactamase
🔷Dec the permeability of the drug
🔷Alter pbp(penicillin binding protein)

Question 6

Amoxicillin 🤷🏻‍♀️

Answer 6

Amoxil if by itself
Clavulanic acid (bete lactamase inhibitors)+ amoxicillin (AUGMENTIN)

Question 7

Penicillin 👾👾

Answer 7

Bind penicillin-binding proteins (transpeptidases). Block transpeptidase cross-linking of peptidoglycan in cell wall.

Activate autolytic enzymes.

Question 8

Syphilis 💊💊

Answer 8

Give benzathine benzyl penicillin) If

allergy, give erythromycin, tetracycline or Doxycline

Question 9

Penicillin 🤮🤮

Answer 9

Hypersensitivity reactions, direct Coombs ⊕ hemolytic anemia, drug-induced interstitial nephritis.

Question 10

penicillinase sensitive penicillins

Answer 10

Amoxicillin, ampicillin; aminopenicillins.

Question 11

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

Answer 11

Dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin.

Question 12

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins mechanism

Answer 12

Same as penicillin. Narrow spectrum; penicillinase resistant because bulky R group blocks access of β-lactamase to β-lactam ring.

Question 13

β-lactamase inhibitors

Answer 13

Include Clavulanic acid, Avibactam, Sulbactam, Tazobactam. Often added to penicillin antibiotics to protect the antibiotic from destruction by β-lactamase (penicillinase).

Question 14

cephalosporins

Answer 14

β-lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to penicillinases. Bactericidal.

Question 15

bacteria not included by 4 th cephalosporins

Answer 15

rganisms typically not covered by 1st–4th generation cephalosporins are LAME: Listeria, Atypicals (Chlamydia, Mycoplasma), MRSA, and Enterococci.

Question 16

cephalosporins clinical use

Answer 16

3rd generation (ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime)—serious gram ⊝ infections resistant to other β-lactams. Can cross blood-brain barrier. Ceftriaxone—meningitis, gonorrhea, disseminated Lyme disease.
Ceftazidime—Pseudomonas.

Question 17

carbapenems babies

Answer 17

Doripenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem (DIME antibiotics are given when there is a 10/10 [life-threatening] infection

Question 18

imipenem

Answer 18

Imipenem is a broad-spectrum, β-lactamase– resistant carbapenem. Always administered with cilastatin (inhibitor of renal dehydropeptidase I) to  inactivation of drug in renal tubules.

Question 19

carbapenems ADR

Answer 19

GI distress, rash, and CNS toxicity (seizures) at high plasma levels.

Question 20

monobactam mech..

Answer 20

Aztreonam
Less susceptible to β-lactamases. Prevents peptidoglycan cross-linking by binding to penicillinbinding protein 3. Synergistic with aminoglycosides. No cross-allergenicity with penicillins.

Question 21

vancomycin mech..

Answer 21

inhibit the cell wall synthesis

Question 22

vancomycin use

Answer 22

Gram ⊕ bugs only—serious, multidrug-resistant organisms, including MRSA, S epidermidis, sensitive Enterococcus species, and Clostridium difficile (oral dose for pseudomembranous colitis).

Question 23

vancomycin ADR

Answer 23

oto and nephrototic and thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing red man syndrom

Question 24

Amoxicillin, ampicillin; aminopenicillins

🤮

Answer 24

Hypersensitivity reactions, rash, pseudomembranous colitis.

Question 25

Dicloxacillin, nafcillin, oxacillin

ADR.

Answer 25

Hypersensitivity reactions, interstitial nephritis