antibiotic 2

Question 1

No controlled studies show human risk; animal studies suggest potential toxicity

Answer 1

β-Lactams β-Lactams with inhibitors

Cephalosporins Aztreonam Clindamycin Erythromycin Azithromycin Metronidazole Nitrofurantoin Sulfonamides

Question 2

3rd generation (ceftriaxone
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Answer 2

β-lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to penicillinases. Bactericidal.

Question 3

3rd generation (ceftriaxone🤮🤮

Answer 3

Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, disulfiram-like reaction, vitamin K deficiency. Low rate of crossreactivity even in penicillin-allergic patients.  nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides

Question 4

Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin Aminoglycosides
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Answer 4

Bactericidal; irreversible inhibition of initiation complex through binding of the 30S subunit. Can cause misreading of mRNA. Also block translocation. Require O2 for uptake; therefore ineffective against anaerobes.

Question 5

Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin🤮🤮

Answer 5

Nephrotoxicity, Neuromuscular blockade (absolute contraindication with myasthenia gravis), Ototoxicity (especially with loop diuretics), Teratogenicity

Question 6

Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline.

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Answer 6

Bacteriostatic; bind to 30S and prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA. Limited CNS penetration. Doxycycline is fecally eliminated and can be used in patients with renal failure. Do not take tetracyclines with milk (Ca2+), antacids (eg, Ca2+ or Mg2+), or iron-containing preparations because divalent cations inhibit drugs’ absorption in the gut

Question 7

Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline.

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Answer 7

GI distress, discoloration of teeth and inhibition of bone growth in children, photosensitivity. Contraindicated in pregnancy.

Question 8

Chloramphenicol 👾👾👾

Answer 8

Blocks peptidyltransferase at 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic

Question 9

Chloramphenicol 🤮🤮

Answer 9

Anemia (dose dependent), aplastic anemia (dose independent), gray baby syndrome (in premature infants because they lack liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase).

Question 10

Clindamycin👾👾👾

Answer 10

Blocks peptide transfer (translocation) at 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic.

Question 11

Clindamycin 🤮🤮

Answer 11

Pseudomembranous colitis (C difficile overgrowth), fever, diarrhea.

Question 12

Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin

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Answer 12

Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation (“macroslides”); bind to the 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic.

Question 13

Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin🤮🤮🤮

Answer 13

MACRO: Gastrointestinal Motility issues, Arrhythmia caused by prolonged QT interval, acute Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia. Increases serum concentration of theophylline, oral anticoagulants. Clarithromycin and erythromycin inhibit cytochrome P-450

Question 14

cephalexin

Answer 14

1 generation cephalocporin

سفلكس

Question 15

Colistin (polymyxin E), polymyxin B.👾👾

Answer 15

Cation polypeptides that bind to phospholipids on cell membrane of gram ⊝ bacteria. Disrupt cell membrane integrity ➡ leakage of cellular components ➡ cell death

Question 16

Colistin (polymyxin E), polymyxin B. 🤮🤮

Answer 16

Nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity (eg, slurred speech, weakness, paresthesias), respiratory failure.

Question 17

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfisoxazole, sulfadiazine. 👾👾

Answer 17

Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase, thus inhibiting folate synthesis. Bacteriostatic (bactericidal when combined with trimethoprim).

Question 18

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfisoxazole, 🤮🤮 sulfadiazine.

Answer 18

Hypersensitivity reactions, hemolysis if G6PD deficient, nephrotoxicity (tubulointerstitial nephritis), photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, kernicterus in infants, displace other drugs from albumin (eg, warfarin

Question 19

Trimethoprim👾👾

Answer 19

Inhibits bacterial dihydrofolate reductase. Bacteriostatic.

Question 20

Trimethoprim🤮🤮

Answer 20

Hyperkalemia (high doses), megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, which may be avoided with coadministration of leucovorin (folinic acid). TMP Treats Marrow Poorly