Antibiotic Clinical Uses

Question 1

Penicillin

Answer 1

Mostly for gram-positive orgnaisms (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, actinomyces), also used for N. meningitidis, and T. pallidum

Question 2

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

Answer 2

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by S. Aureus (except MRSA)

Question 3

Aminopenicillins

Answer 3

Extended spectrum penicillin: H. Influenzae, E. Coli, L. monocytogenes, proteus mirabilis, salmonella, shigella, enterococci

Question 4

Antipseudomonals

Answer 4

Extended spectrum: Pseudomonas spp., gram-negative enteric rods such as bacterioides species

Question 5

1st generation cephalosporins

Answer 5

Gram-positive cocci: Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, S. Aureus (used pre-surgery to prevent wound infections)

Question 6

2nd generation cephalosporins

Answer 6

Gram-positive cocci: H. influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens

Question 7

3rd generation cephalosporins

Answer 7

Serious gram-negative infections resistant to other beta-lactams, Ceftriaxone: meningitis, gonorrhea, Ceftazidime: Pseudomonas

Question 8

4th generation cephalosporins

Answer 8

Increased activity against Psesudomonas and gram-positive organisms

Question 9

Aztreonam

Answer 9

Gram-negative rods ONLY, NO activity against gram-positives or anaerobes, for penicillin allergic patients or renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides

Question 10

Carbapenems

Answer 10

Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods

Question 11

Vancomycin

Answer 11

Use for serious, multi drug-resistant gram-positives: MRSA, Enterococci, Clostridium difficile (oral dose for pseudomembranous colitis)

Question 12

Aminoglycosides

Answer 12

Severe gram-negative rod infections, synergistic with Beta-lactams, use neomycin for bowel surgery

Question 13

Tetracyclines

Answer 13

Borrelia burgorferi, M. pneumoniae, Rickettsia, Chlamydia

Question 14

Macrolides

Answer 14

Atypical pneumonias, STDs, gram-positive cocci: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella, Streptococcal infections (in penicillin allergic patients)

Question 15

Chloramphenicol

Answer 15

Meningitis in developing countries: H. Influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, S. Pneumoniae

Question 16

Clindamycin

Answer 16

Anaerobic infections in aspiration pneumonia or lung abscesses, also oral infections with mouth anaerobes. Anaerobes above the diaphragm: bacteroides fragilis, clostridium perfringens

Question 17

Sulfonamides

Answer 17

Gram positive, gram negative, Nocardia, Chlamydia; triple sulfas or SMX for simple UTI.

Question 18

Trimethoprim

Answer 18

TMP-SMX for UTI’s, Shigella, Salmonella, Pneumocystis Jirovecii treatment and prophylaxis

Question 19

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 19

Gram-negative rods (neisseria, pseudomonas) of urinary and GI tracts and some gram-postive organisms

Question 20

Penicillin

Answer 20

Mostly for gram-positive orgnaisms (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, actinomyces), also used for N. meningitidis, and T. pallidum

Question 21

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins

Answer 21

Skin and soft tissue infections caused by S. Aureus (except MRSA)

Question 22

Aminopenicillins

Answer 22

Extended spectrum penicillin: H. Influenzae, E. Coli, L. monocytogenes, proteus mirabilis, salmonella, shigella, enterococci

Question 23

Antipseudomonals

Answer 23

Extended spectrum: Pseudomonas spp., gram-negative enteric rods such as bacterioides species

Question 24

1st generation cephalosporins

Answer 24

Gram-positive cocci: Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, S. Aureus (used pre-surgery to prevent wound infections)

Question 25

2nd generation cephalosporins

Answer 25

Gram-positive cocci: H. influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria spp., Proteus mirabilis, E. Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens

Question 26

3rd generation cephalosporins

Answer 26

Serious gram-negative infections resistant to other beta-lactams, Ceftriaxone: meningitis, gonorrhea, Ceftazidime: Pseudomonas

Question 27

4th generation cephalosporins

Answer 27

Increased activity against Psesudomonas and gram-positive organisms

Question 28

Aztreonam

Answer 28

Gram-negative rods ONLY, NO activity against gram-positives or anaerobes, for penicillin allergic patients or renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides

Question 29

Carbapenems

Answer 29

Gram-positive cocci, gram-negative rods

Question 30

Vancomycin

Answer 30

Use for serious, multi drug-resistant gram-positives: MRSA, Enterococci, Clostridium difficile (oral dose for pseudomembranous colitis)

Question 31

Aminoglycosides

Answer 31

Severe gram-negative rod infections, synergistic with Beta-lactams, use neomycin for bowel surgery

Question 32

Tetracyclines

Answer 32

Borrelia burgorferi, M. pneumoniae, Rickettsia, Chlamydia

Question 33

Macrolides

Answer 33

Atypical pneumonias, STDs, gram-positive cocci: Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella, Streptococcal infections (in penicillin allergic patients)

Question 34

Chloramphenicol

Answer 34

Meningitis in developing countries: H. Influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, S. Pneumoniae

Question 35

Clindamycin

Answer 35

Anaerobic infections in aspiration pneumonia or lung abscesses, also oral infections with mouth anaerobes. Anaerobes above the diaphragm: bacteroides fragilis, clostridium perfringens

Question 36

Sulfonamides

Answer 36

Gram positive, gram negative, Nocardia, Chlamydia; triple sulfas or SMX for simple UTI.

Question 37

Trimethoprim

Answer 37

TMP-SMX for UTI’s, Shigella, Salmonella, Pneumocystis Jirovecii treatment and prophylaxis

Question 38

Fluoroquinolones

Answer 38

Gram-negative rods (neisseria, pseudomonas) of urinary and GI tracts and some gram-postive organisms