Antibacterials Flashcards
What three categories help to differentiate infectious agents?
Shape (rod , sphere, or spiral), staining (gram positive or gram negative), and need for oxygen (aerobic/anaerobic)
What are the 1st generation penicillins?
Penicillin G (IV)–> Pen G Benzathine (given IM only) and Pen G Na+ (given IV only)
Penicillin V- given orally
Penicillin VK- orally, has potassium salt
What is the second generation penicillin? Is it still marketed?
Methicillin/ Cloxacillin- not marketed anymore due to renal side effects
What are the third gen penicillins? What is special about one of these?
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
And Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid- Clavulin
Clavulin is special because clavulanic acid is a Beta lactamase inhibitor so it stops beta lactamase from breaking down amoxicillin
What is the 4th gen penicillin?
Piperacillin
Piperacillin/Tazobactam- Tazocin- IV only
What are common side effects of penicillins?
N/V/D with all (especially clavulanic acid)
Upset stomach so take with food
Also may interfere with hormonal birth control
What are 1st gen cephalosporins? Which one is choice for surgical prophylaxis?
Cefazolin- Kefzol- choice for surgery
Cefadroxil-Duricef
Cephalexin- Keflex
2nd gen cephalosprins?
Cefuroxime- Ceftin
Cefprozil- Cefzil
3rd gen cephalosporins?
Cefotaxime
Ceftazidime- Tazidime
Ceftriaxone- Rocephin- used a lot in hospital because broad spectrum
Cefixime- Suprax- only one of these by mouth
4th gen cephalosporin? What is special about it?
Cefipime- Maxipime- reserved for severe systemic infections. Has coverage against beta lactamase producing gram negative bacteria
5th gen cephalosporin?
Ceftobiprole- has activity against MRSA and penicillin resistant strep
What are side effects of cephalosporins?
-GI disturbances
-Known to cause C. diff (antibiotic associated diarrhea)
-Cross reactive with penicillins
-may decrease effectiveness of estrogen in contraceptives
What are the names of the carbapenems?
Imipenem (and cilastatin)- Primaxin- cilastin is beta lactamase inhibitor
Ertapenem
Meropenem
How are the carbapenems administered?
All given IV route only
What are side effects of carbapenems?
N/V/D
Stevens- Johnsons syndrome
Seizures with high doses
How are sulfonamides bacteriostatic?
They inhibit bacterial metabolism by being a folic acid antagonist because its shape is similar to PABA
What are the names of sulfonamides?
Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim- Bactrim, Septra, Septra DS
Silver sulfadiazine- Flamazine
What antibacterial group can also treat a fungal disease called Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia?
Sulfonamides
What are sulfa drugs good to be used for?
First line for uncomplicated UTI’s and purulent skin and soft tissue secretions
-also burns and wounds
What are sulfonamide adverse effects?
-N/V/D
-photosensitivity with sun
-rarely Stevens Johnson
What is good to know about trimethoprim?
In combo in Septra, the dosing is based on the content of trimethoprim, not the sulfamethoxazole. Its used to increase the effects of sulfonamides
What are the tetracycline drugs?
Tetracycline- Tetracyn
Minocycline- Minocin
Doxycycline- Vibramycin
Also note, doxycyclin 40mg strength (Apprilon) is for rosacea only
What are adverse effects and contraindications of tetracyclines?
-N/V/D
-Esophageal irritation so drink with lots of water
-UV light photosensitization
-EXPIRED meds can cause Fanconi syndrome
-In pregnancy and kids under 8, can cause yellowing of teeth and bones
-also chelates with metal ions so don’t take with dairy, iron, antacids
What are macrolide drugs?
Erythromycin
Azithromycin- Zithromax
Clarithromycin- Biaxin
