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Antibiotics > Antibacterials > Flashcards

Antibacterials Flashcards

1
Q

What are indicators of an infection being bacterial? (2+ are required for it to be bacterial)

A 
Absence of a cough
3-14yo patient
Anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
Fever
Tonsillar erythema or exudates
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2
Q

What are some examples of beta-lactams?

A

Penicillins
Carbapenems
Aztreonam

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3
Q

What do beta-lactams bind to?

A

Penicillin Binding Protein…transpeptidase required in cell wall synthesis

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4
Q

What other drug works on gram+ bacteria by preventing cell wall synthesis?

A

Vancomycin

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5
Q

What does vancomycin bind to?

A

D-Ala-D-Ala–prevents synthesis of NAM/NAG-peptides

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6
Q

What should be given if a person goes into anaphylaxis?

A

Epinephrine…think about the effects on the different receptors

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7
Q

What are the macrolides? Ketolides?

A

Erythromycin

Azithromycin, Clarithromycin

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8
Q

How do macrolides/ketolides kill bacteria?

A

Inhibit translocation of ribosome…binds to 23S rRNA of 50S subunit

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9
Q

What kind of bacteria do macrolides/ketolides kill?

A

Broad spectrum

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10
Q

How do bacteria gain resistance against macrolides/ketolides?

A

Methylation of 23S rRNA, Efflux

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11
Q

What are some side effects to macrolides/ketolides?

A 
GI discomfort
Prolonged QT interval
Hepatic failure (inhibits CYP3A4)
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12
Q

What other side effect is associated with clarithromycin?

A

Miscarriages

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13
Q

What are the fluoroquinolones?

A

Gemifloxacin
Levolfloxacin
Moxifloxacin

the FLOXACINs

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14
Q

How do fluoroquinolones work?

A

Bind to Topo II and IV

Bactericidal

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15
Q

What do fluoroquinolones work against?

A

Broad spectrum… including mycoplasma

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16
Q

What are some forms of resistance to fluoroquinolones?

A

Active efflux of the drug

Mutations in topos

17
Q

What are the side effects of fluoroquinolones?

A

GI discomfort

Tendinopathies

18
Q

Who shouldn’t be given fluorquinolones?

A

Pregnant or lactating women

Children

19
Q

What is the mechanism of tetracyclines (doxycycline)?

A

Bind 30S of rRNA…prevents binding to A site

Bacteriostatic

20
Q

What causes the resistance to doxycycline?

A

Reduced uptake
Increased efflux

Widespread

21
Q

What are the adverse effects of tetracyclines?

A

Photosensitivity
Discoloration of teeth
Inhibits bone growth

22
Q

When should doxycycline be avoided in?

A

Pregnant women

Children

23
Q

What limits oral absorption of tetracyclines and fluroquinolones?

A

Cations…chelating

24
Q

What do polymyxin E/colistin fight against?

A

MDR gram-

25
Q

How do poymyxin E/colistin kill MDR gram- bacteria?

A

Bind phosphatidylethanolamine –> holes in membrane

26
Q

Should colistin be used often?

A

No…nephrotoxicity–it should be used as a last resort

27
Q

Is resistance to polymyxin E likely?

A

No

Antibiotics (4 decks)

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