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Pharmacology 1 > Antibacterials > Flashcards

Antibacterials Flashcards

1
Q

Antibacterial Drugs

A

Meds used to exploit differences between human cells and bacteria

Can be effective against gram positive or gram negative

Narrow-spectrum effective against one class of bacteria

*Broad-spectrum** effective against both classes of bacteria

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2
Q

Drugs that affect cell wall synthesis

A

Penicillins
Vancomycin
Cephalosporin

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3
Q

Antibiotic Drugs that affect protein synthesis

A

Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides

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4
Q

Drugs that affect transcription mechanisms

A

Fluoroquinolones

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5
Q

Drugs that affect metabolic pathways

A

Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim (taken together)

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6
Q

Is Sulfamethoxazole bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic

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7
Q

What infections are sulfonamides best for?

A

UTIs (reaches effective concentration in urinary tract)

Upper respiratory tract infection

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8
Q

What are the 4 B-lactam drugs

A

Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Carbapenems

Monobactam (not in canada)

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9
Q

Natural vs semi-synthetic penicillins

A

Natural: sensitive to b-lactamase

Semi-synthetic: b-lactamase resistant, broad spectrum or aminopenicillins

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10
Q

Benefit of aminopenicillins?

A

Broader spectrum

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11
Q

Are penicillins bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bactericidal

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12
Q

Are penicillins effective against gram negative or gram positive?

A

Gram positive and some gram negative

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13
Q

What acid is a B-lactamase inhibitor?

A

Clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)

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14
Q

Penicillin G vs Penicillin V

A

Penicillin G is IV or IM

Penicillin V is PO

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15
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Most widely used antibacterials

Structurally and pharmacologically related to penicillins

B-lactam antibiotics

bactericidal

First gen -> fifth gen. better gram-negative coverage and better B-lactamase resistance in later generations

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16
Q

Cephalosporin: Cefazolin

A

1st generation (poor gram negative coverage, excellent gram positive coverage - best gen for gram positive)

Used for surgical prophylaxis, URIs, otitis media

IV administration

17
Q

What happens as the cephalosporin generations increase

A

Broader coverage

Good gram-positive coverage through all generations, but gram-negative coverage increases with each generation

18
Q

Carbapenems

A

B-lactam. Affects cell wall synthesis.

Broad-spectrum

Parentally given only

Drug: Imipenem

a “last resort” antibiotic

19
Q

Macrolides

A

Inhibits protein synthesis (binds to ribosomes)

bacteriostatic and bactericidal depending on concentration and bacterial susceptibility

Drug: Erythromycin

Adverse effects: GI disturbances

Azithromycin/Clarithromycin: fewer side effects and better penetration

20
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Inhibits protein synthesis (30S ribosomes)
Broad spectrum
Bacteriostatic

binds to metal ions

Dairy, antacids, and iron salts reduce absorption

DO NOT USE in children less than 8yr old, or pregnancy/breastfeeding.

Strong affinity for calcium: discolouration of teeth

Adverse: Alteration in intestinal flora

Non-bacterial action: Demeclocycline for SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate ADH)

21
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Inhibits protein synthesis (30S ribosomes)

1st antibiotic effective against gram-negative bacteria

Bactericidal

Drug: Gentamicine

Poorly absorbed in GI tract. Given IV or IM. But given orally to decontaminate GI tract before surgery

Serious toxic effects: Ototoxicity (irreversible, worse if used with loop diuretics), Nephrotoxicity (reversible). Monitor plasma drug levels

Increased risk for nephrotoxicity (additive effect) if used with vancomycin, cyclosporine, amphotericin

22
Q

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

A

Alters DNA of bacteria
Broad Spectrum
Bactericidal

Urinary tract infections
Anthrax

Drug: Ciprofloxacin
Very effective and most commonly used. Oral admin.

Adverse Effects: GI, rashes, dizziness

23
Q

Vancomycin

A

Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal
Different protein targets B-lactams, (so not a B-lactam.)

IV administration for MRSA

Oral for C diff

Adverse:
Infusion-related: red man syndrome
fever, chills, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity

Pharmacology 1 (9 decks)

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