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Medicine > Anti TB > Flashcards

Anti TB Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB)?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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2
Q

What type of bacteria is Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacillus.

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3
Q

What is the primary route of transmission for TB?

A

Airborne transmission through respiratory droplets.

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4
Q

What is the main risk factor for developing TB?

A

Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV infection, diabetes).

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5
Q

What are the primary symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

Chronic cough, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

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6
Q

What is the role of the tuberculin skin test (TST)?

A

To identify latent TB infection.

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7
Q

What does a positive TST indicate?

A

Possible exposure to TB; further evaluation needed.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of a chest X-ray in TB diagnosis?

A

To detect lung abnormalities indicative of TB infection.

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9
Q

What laboratory test is definitive for diagnosing active TB?

A

Sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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10
Q

What is the significance of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum smear microscopy?

A

Indicates the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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11
Q

What are the first-line anti-TB agents?

A

Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol.

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12
Q

What is the initial treatment regimen for drug-susceptible TB?

A

2 months of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol.

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13
Q

What is the continuation phase treatment duration for TB?

A

4 months of Isoniazid and Rifampicin.

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14
Q

How long is the treatment for drug-resistant TB?

A

At least 18-24 months with second-line drugs.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS)?

A

To ensure adherence to TB therapy and prevent resistance.

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Isoniazid?

A

Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis, disrupting the cell wall.

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17
Q

How does Rifampicin work?

A

Inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis by binding to RNA polymerase.

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Pyrazinamide?

A

Disrupts membrane potential and energy production in dormant bacilli.

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19
Q

How does Ethambutol function?

A

Inhibits arabinogalactan synthesis, affecting cell wall integrity.

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20
Q

What is the role of Fluoroquinolones in TB treatment?

A

Used as second-line agents to inhibit DNA gyrase, preventing bacterial replication.

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21
Q

What are common side effects of Isoniazid?

A

Hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, and seizures.

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22
Q

What is a major adverse effect of Rifampicin?

A

Hepatotoxicity and orange-red discoloration of bodily fluids.

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23
Q

What is a potential side effect of Pyrazinamide?

A

Hepatotoxicity and hyperuricemia (gout).

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24
Q

What are the side effects of Ethambutol?

A

Optic neuritis and visual disturbances.

25
Q

How can peripheral neuropathy from Isoniazid be prevented?

A

Co-administration of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6).

26
Q

What factors contribute to the development of drug-resistant TB?

A

Incomplete treatment, poor adherence, and transmission of resistant strains.

27
Q

What defines multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)?

A

Resistance to at least Isoniazid and Rifampicin.

28
Q

What is extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)?

A

MDR-TB plus resistance to Fluoroquinolones and at least one injectable drug.

29
Q

How is drug susceptibility testing performed?

A

Through culture methods or molecular assays.

30
Q

Why is it important to monitor adherence in TB treatment?

A

To prevent treatment failure and reduce transmission of resistant strains.

31
Q

What is the causative agent of leprosy?

A

Mycobacterium leprae.

32
Q

What is the primary treatment for leprosy?

A

Multi-drug therapy (MDT) including Rifampicin, Dapsone, and Clofazimine.

33
Q

How long is the treatment duration for paucibacillary leprosy with MDT?

A

6 months.

34
Q

How long is the treatment for multibacillary leprosy with MDT?

A

12 months.

35
Q

What are the primary symptoms of leprosy?

A

Skin lesions, peripheral neuropathy, and muscle weakness.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Dapsone?

A

Inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, blocking folate synthesis.

37
Q

How does Clofazimine function?

A

Intercalates into DNA, inhibiting bacterial growth and has anti-inflammatory properties.

38
Q

What are common side effects of Dapsone?

A

Hemolysis, especially in G6PD-deficient individuals.

39
Q

What are the side effects of Clofazimine?

A

Skin discoloration and gastrointestinal disturbances.

40
Q

What is the importance of MDT in leprosy treatment?

A

Prevents drug resistance and effectively treats all forms of leprosy.

41
Q

What laboratory tests are important for monitoring anti-TB therapy?

A

Liver function tests, complete blood count, and sputum culture.

42
Q

What symptoms should prompt evaluation for drug toxicity during TB treatment?

A

Jaundice, persistent nausea, or changes in vision.

43
Q

What is the role of corticosteroids in TB treatment?

A

Used in severe cases (e.g., TB meningitis) to reduce inflammation.

44
Q

Why is it important to educate patients on the importance of completing TB treatment?

A

To ensure cure, prevent relapse, and reduce transmission.

45
Q

How should TB treatment be adjusted in cases of hepatotoxicity?

A

Monitor liver function closely and consider modifying the regimen.

46
Q

What populations are at higher risk for TB?

A

People living with HIV, those with diabetes, and immunosuppressed individuals.

47
Q

What is the significance of BCG vaccine in tuberculosis?

A

Provides protection against severe forms of TB in children.

48
Q

What are the limitations of the BCG vaccine?

A

Variable efficacy in adults and not effective for pulmonary TB.

49
Q

What is the significance of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) in TB?

A

Helps diagnose latent TB infection, especially in BCG-vaccinated individuals.

50
Q

What is the primary preventive measure for TB?

A

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of active cases to reduce transmission.

51
Q

What are common complications of untreated TB?

A

Lung damage, disseminated TB, and death.

52
Q

What is the potential long-term effect of pulmonary TB?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis and chronic respiratory impairment.

53
Q

What is a common complication of leprosy if left untreated?

A

Nerve damage leading to deformities and disability.

54
Q

How can leprosy lead to secondary infections?

A

Through skin lesions and compromised immunity.

55
Q

What is the importance of regular follow-up for patients on TB treatment?

A

To monitor treatment response, adherence, and side effects.

56
Q

How does TB rank in global mortality?

A

It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide.

57
Q

Which regions have the highest burden of TB?

A

Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and parts of Eastern Europe.

58
Q

What is the global strategy to combat TB?

A

To end the TB epidemic by 2030 as part of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Medicine (7 decks)

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