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Pharmacology Final Exam > Anti-milarial Agents > Flashcards

Anti-milarial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Antiprotozoal agents

A

Medications used to treat infections caused by Protozoa, which are single celled organisms that can cause dz such as malaria.

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2
Q

Key term: Amebiasis

A

Intestinal infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba Histolytica. Typically transmitted through contaminated food or water. Leading to symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain and in severe cases live abscesses.
Essentially it is amoebic dysentery.

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3
Q

Key term: Anopheles Mosquito

A

Type of mosquito responsible for transmitting the malaria parasite to humans through its bite. Essential to the life cycle Plasmodium.

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4
Q

Key term: Cinchoism

A

Refers to the toxic side effects including ringing in the ears, nausea, vertigo and headache caused by the use of quinine or related drugs that are often used to treat malaria.

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5
Q

Key term: Giardiasis

A

Intestinal infection caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, cramps and nausea. Transmitted through contaminated water typically.

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6
Q

Key term: Leishmaniasis

A

Parasitic infection caused by lesion mania, transmitted by sand flies. Can cause skin sores, mucosal damage, or visceral organ involvement.

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7
Q

Key term: Malaria

A

Infectious dz caused by plasmodium parasites and is transmitted by the bites of infected anopheles mosquitos. As red blood cells rupture from the parasite, it causes cyclic fever, chills and damage to the liver, central nervous system, heart and lungs.

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8
Q

Key term: Plasmodium

A

A genus of parasitic protozoa that causes malaria in humans through the transmission of its spores by Anopheles mosquitos.

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9
Q

Key term: Protozoa

A

Single celled microorganisms that have at least one stage of their life as a human parasite. Can cause dz such as malaria, giardiasis, and trypanosomiasis. Usually found in areas of poor sanitation or crowded living conditions.

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10
Q

Key term: Trichomoniasis

A

A sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan trichomonas vaginalis, leading to symptoms like vaginal discharge, itching and discomfort. Symptoms are only experienced by females and can cause preterm labor in pregnant people if not treated.

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11
Q

Key term: Trophozoite

A

The active motile and feeding stage of certain protozoan parasites. Is responsible for causing infections like Giardiasis and Amebiasis

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12
Q

Key term: Trypanosomiasis

A

Also known as sleeping sickness, a parasite dz caused by trypanosome species transmitted by Tsetse flies. And is characterized by fever, fatigue and or illogical symptoms. Also causes chalis dz which causes cardio myopathy.

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13
Q

What are some protozoal infections that are caused by insect bites?

A

-Malaria
-Trypanosomiasis
-Leishmaniasis

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14
Q

What are some protozoal infections caused by the ingestion or contact with the causal organism?

A

-Amebiasis
-Giardiasis
-Trichomoniasis

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15
Q

What are the two ways humans can become infected with Protozoa?

A

-Insect bites
-Ingestion or contact with the causal organism

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16
Q

Where would people be more likely to become infected with protozoal infections?

A

Tropical environments. This is where the Protozoa thrive.

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17
Q

How is malaria most commonly contracted to humans?

A

Thought the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquitos which transmits the Plasmodium parasite.

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18
Q

How is Trypanosomiasis most commonly contracted?

A

Through the bite of an infected Tsetse fly, which transmits the Trypanosoma parasite.

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19
Q

How is Leishmaniasis most commonly contracted?

A

The bite of an infected sandfly, which transmits the leishmania parasite.

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20
Q

How is Amebiasis most commonly contracted?

A

By ingesting food or water contaminated with Entamoeba Histolytica.

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21
Q

How is Giardiasis most commonly contracted?

A

By ingestion contaminated food or water containing the cyst of Gardia lamblia

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22
Q

How is Trichomoniasis most commonly contracted?

A

Through sexual contact with an infected person carrying Trichomonas vaginalis

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23
Q

Where do Protozoa also thrive in, outside of tropical environments? And which Protozoa usually thrive in these outside environments?

A

Over crowded environments such as refugee camps or areas with poor sanitation because it’s harder to maintain cleaner water supplies and proper waste disposal.
-Giardia as fecal matter can easily contaminate water sources or services that people come into contact with

24
Q

What factors increase your chances of coming into contact or ingesting Protozoal infections?

A

Inadequate hand washing, improper food handling, and lack of personal cleanliness can result in the ingestion or contact with protozoan cysts or trophozoites.
- not washing hands after using the restroom can lead to the ingestion of Giardia which can cause infection.
-preparing or eating food with improper food handling
-wash hands!!!

25
Q

Which is the most dangerous Protozoal parasites identified as causes of Malaria?

A

-Plasmodium falciparum
Considered the most dangerous
-developed very quickly with severe fever, hypotension, inflammation of the limbs, decrease in red blood cells and death.

26
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

Being bitten by a female and fellous mosquito.
The mosquito transmits some form of plasmodium Protozoa.

27
Q

How many kinds of protozoal parasites have been identified as causing malaria?

A

4

28
Q

Which protozoal parasite identified as causes of malaria is the milder form of the dz?

A

Plasmodium Vivax-
Milder form of the dz; seldom results in death.
Same symptoms as plasmodium falciparum but milder and rarely result in death.

29
Q

Plasmodium Malariae

A

Endemic in tropical countries; mild symptoms
Causes mild symptoms to locals in tropical areas, but more severe symptoms in travelers to the area.

30
Q

Plasmodium Ovale

A

-caused by two different species, both most prevalent in Africa; mosquito has developed resistance to insecticides.
- also has mild symptoms.

31
Q

Why has there been an increase in malaria cases?

A

The mosquitos have developed a resistance to the insecticides but the Protozoa have become resistant to anti-malarial treatment.
Best thing to do is to try and avoid contracting it in the first place.

32
Q

What are signs and symptoms of malaria?

A

Related to the destruction of RBC and toxicity to the liver.
Once inside the body, the Protozoa will infect human cells, and after reaching certain stages in its life cycle, the human cells will burst. Most of the cells will be red blood cells.
This rupturing of the many red blood cells is what will trigger the severe acute inflammatory response in the body.
This is when the cyclic fever and chills will start.
This period can last for years if left untreated because some malaria causing Protozoa go into dormant stages.
They hide inside the human cells and then become active again over some time.

33
Q

What is a complication related to the destruction of RBC’s?

A

It can lead to clogged capillaries and decreased circulation to vital organs and eventually death.
The combination of red blood cell destruction, the release of toxic byproducts from that destruction and liver damage results in severe symptoms.

34
Q

True or false: Antimalarial can only be used to attack in the beginning stages.

A

False. Antimalarials can be used to attack the reservoir at several life stages that it has in the human body.
-The type of antimalarial that gets used depends on if there is a known antimalarial resistance in the place they got malaria in.
Also depends in the severity of symptoms and if the person was taking prophylactic anti-malarial medication before they went on their travels.

35
Q

How does the treatment of malaria work?

A

Aims at attacking the parasite at the various stages of its development inside and outside the human body.

36
Q

Use of protozoal in children

A

-Very sensitive to the effects of drugs; more severe reactions expected
-Extreme caution should be used
-Avoid travel to endemic areas
-consult health department when travel necessary - find out preventative measurements

used with close monitoring and extensive patient and parent education.
The risks associated with untreated infection are significantly higher than treatment with these drugs.

37
Q

Why should patients mark the days after exposure to take malaria drugs?

A

To ensure they follow the correct dosing schedule
Essential for effectively eliminating the parasite at all of its stages in the life cycle.
If not taken at the right time it might not be able to kill the Protozoa at the correct stage.
Proper timing also helps prevent relapse, especially with plasmodium vivax and plasmodium overall. - can remain dormant in the liver and cause reinfection if not treated thoroughly.

38
Q

How can patients reduce the risk of drug resistance, ensuring that the treatment remains effective for future infections?

A

By Adhering to the prescribed regimen

39
Q

What are the effects of antimalarial drugs on babies and fetuses?

A

We don’t know for sure what impacts these drugs have on them. Best if pregnant or lactating people avoid these unless in life threatening situations.

40
Q

For older adult as what might we be concerned about when taking these drugs?

A

Hepatic dysfunction at increased risk of worsening hepatic problems.
Doses should be lowered for hepatic patients.

41
Q

What is the suffix for the antimalarials?

A

“Quin”
The “Quin’s” are the first choice for treating malaria unless the pt contracted the infection in an area that is known to have resistance to this drug type.
-Quinine - first drug found effective in treatment of malaria
Absent rom the market for a while but now available for treating uncomplicated malaria
-chloroquine
-Hydroxychloroquine
-Mefloquine
-Primaquine

42
Q

What areas has malaria resistance been primarily reported?

A

Southeast asia
Thailand
Cambodia
Vietnam
While resistance is less common in sub-Saharan Africa and South America it is still emerging in some regions

43
Q

What is the indication for taking antimalarials and how do they work?

A

Treatment of malaria
-They work by incapacitating the parasite in different stages of the plasmodium parasites life cycle.
For example, Quinine and chloroquine inhibit the parasites ability to digest hemoglobin in red blood cells, and primaquine targets the liver stage to prevent relapse in species like plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovally.

44
Q

Contraindications for antimalarials

A

Known allergy, pregnancy and lactation
Can be used during pregnancy if necessary

45
Q

Why would antimalarials be cautioned in patient with liver dz and alcoholism?

A

-The infection itself damages the liver.
-drug needs to be processes in liver or toxic levels can accumulate.

46
Q

Cautions when taking antimalarials.

A

Vision and retinol changes - risk is increased if already have damage to these. - skin issues - antimalarial can exacerbate psoriasis or porphyria.
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes rapid skin cell turnover leading to thick red scaly patches.
Porphyria- group of inherited disorders where enzymes deficiencies in the hemi production pathway lead to a buildup of porphyria causing symptoms like abdominal pain skin sensitive and neurological issues.

47
Q

What are the adverse effects when taking antimalarials?

A

CNS- central nervous system effects include headache and dizziness
Immune reactions include fever, shaking, chills and malaise
GI- nausea and vomiting, dyspepsia and anorexia
hepatic dysfunction, jaundice dark urine, pale stools, abdominal pain and itching. Elevated liver enzymes like AST and ALT and fatigue.
dermatological- rash, pruritus and hair loss.
blindness- retinol damage which can leaad to blindness
ototoxicity- hearing loss risk

48
Q

Cinchonism

A

A syndrome that is caused by the toxicity of these drugs
Signs inclined nausea, vomiting, tinnitus (ringing in ears) and vertigo.

49
Q

Drug-drug interactions

A

Patient who is receiving combinations of quinine derivative and quinine is at increased risk for cardiac toxicity and convulsions
Methotrexate and sulfonamides are examples of anti folate drugs that should not be used with antimalarials because can lead to folate deficiency and bone marrow depression.
Signs of folate deficiency include diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and anemia.

50
Q

Why shouldn’t “other protozoan drugs” be taken with alcohol?

A

The adverse effects become severe - should not be taken within 3 days of taking medication

51
Q

Why shouldn’t “other antiprotozoal” drugs be taken with anticoagulants?

A

Should not be taken within 8 days of taking antiprotozoal drugs, It can increase the effectiveness of blood thinners, putting pts at risk for bleeding.

52
Q

What are the indications for “other antiprotozoal” drugs?

A

Treatment of infections caused by susceptible Protozoa - each drug has a unique infection it treats.

53
Q

Hat are the actions for “other” antiprotozoal drugs?

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis in susceptible Protozoa

54
Q

Cautions for other Protozoa drugs

A

CNS dz, hepatic dz, lactation/pregnancy

55
Q

Adverse effects of ‘other” antiprotozoal drugs

A

Because of the drugs ability to cross the blood brain barrier.
Headache, dizziness, ataxia, peripheral neuropathies, loss of coordination, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea- can cause severe meal nutrition.

56
Q

Why shouldn’t you take disulfiram while taking “other” protozoan drugs?

A

Should not be taken within 2 weeks of taking other antiprotozoal agents. - psychotic reactions can occur.

57
Q

Some important implementation nursing considerations to remember

A

-Monitor hepatic function and perform ophthalmological
examination before and periodically during treatmen
-Arrange for appropriate culture and sensitivity tests before
beginning therapy.
-Administer a complete course of the drug. Mark a calendar for
prophylactic doses.

Pharmacology Final Exam (11 decks)

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