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Pharm Exam 5 > Anti-Malarial Drugs > Flashcards

Anti-Malarial Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Plasmodium species cause what?

A

Malaria

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2
Q

Plasmodium species infecting humans.

A 
Plasmodium faciparum
P. vivax
P. ovale
P. malariae
P. knowlesi
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3
Q

What component of malaria is distinctive in a blood smear?

A

Gametocytes

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4
Q

Seeing these in the blood stream of malaria patients allows you to make a definitive diagnosis.

A

Gametocytes

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5
Q

How is Malaria diagnosed?

A

Malaria Rapid Antigen Test

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6
Q

Clinical features of Malaria.

A

Fever that waxes and wanes.

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7
Q

This stage of Malaria infection is completely asymptomatic.

A

Liver stage

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8
Q

Taking these drugs prevent the blood stages of malaria, but not the liver stages from infection with P. vivax or P. ovale.

So relapses can occur once you finish the prophylaxis.

A

Chloroquine and Mefloquine.

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9
Q

The oldest and safest synthetic anti-malarial drug.

A

Chloroquine

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10
Q

What do the structures of all quine drugs have in common?

A

Protonatable Nitrogen

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11
Q

How does the protonatable Nitrogen in quine drug, us relate to their mechanism of action?

A

In neutral pH, the drug is uncharged, so it can enter our cells.

In acidic environments like the lysosome or food vacuole, it gets protonated.

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12
Q

What’s so special about a protonated quine drug?

A

It gets trapped in the area it’s in, like the food vacuole or lysosome, and this is where it does its job.

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13
Q

These drugs are used to treat Malaria.

A

Quine drugs

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14
Q

Chloroquine resistance is mostly associated with this parasite.

A

P. falciparum

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15
Q

The main food of malaria parasites.

A

Globin that’s found on Hb in RBC’s.

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16
Q

How do malaria parasites prevent Heme toxicity?

A

Use heme polymerase to convert Heme to a pigment called Hemozoin, which is not toxic.

17
Q

How does Chloroquine work?

A

It inhibits Heme Polymerase, so toxic heme accumulates in the food vacuole and kills the cell.

18
Q

What causes Chloroquine resistance?

A

Mutated pfcrt

19
Q

What does pfcrt stand for?

A

P. falciparum Chloroquine resistance transporter.

20
Q

How does the mutated pfcrt work?

A

It increases the export of Chloroquine from the RBC’s food vacuole.

21
Q

Can a pregnant woman take Chloroquinone?

A

Yes

22
Q

Side effect of Chloroquinone

A

Retinopathy.

Skin itchiness in Western Africans.

23
Q

How does the retinal degeneration caused by Chloroquinone look?

A

Bull’s eye maculopathy.

24
Q

This anti-malarial drug is used in areas where there’s Chloroquine resistance.

A

Mefloquine

25
Q

Side effect of Mefloquine.

A

Causes tremors and vivid dreams.

Exacerbated seizures
Fine tremor
Worsening of psychiatric disorders

26
Q

Pregnancy category of mefloquine

A

B

27
Q

Anti-malarial that’s from the Cinchona tree.

A

Quinine.

28
Q

This anti-malarial drug has muscle relaxant side effects.

A

Quinine

29
Q

Antimalarial that can be given through IV

A

Quinidine

30
Q

Only anti-malarial that can treat the liver stages of P. ovale and P. vivax.

A

Primaquine

31
Q

Anti-malarial that has activity against both the liver and blood stages.

A

Primaquine

32
Q

Considered the 2nd choice treatment for Pneumocystis carinii (P. jiroveci) pneumonia in AIDS patients.

A

Primaquine + Clindamycin

33
Q

Combination anti-malarial drug that contains Atovaquone and Proguanil.

A

Malarone

34
Q

This component of Malarone is an electron transport inhibitor.

A

Atovaquone

35
Q

This component of Malarone is a Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor.

A

Proguanil

36
Q

Third choice treatment for Malaria

A

Pyrimethamine and Sulfadoxine.

Too many side effects and long half-lives.

37
Q

Can be used for all strains of Malaria, including Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum.

A

Tetracyclines, especially Doxycycline.

38
Q

Rapidly malariocidal that kills Plasmodium parasites more rapidly than any other anti-malarial medication.

A

Artemisinins.

39
Q

Rapidly malariocidal that kills Plasmodium parasites more rapidly than any other anti-malarial medication.

NOT used for prophylaxis bc it has to be given 3 times a day.

A

Artemisinins.

Pharm Exam 5 (8 decks)

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