Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Ocular Pharmacology > Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergy drugs > Flashcards

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-allergy drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the inflammatory stages?

A

Arachidonic acid is made from membrane phospholipids by Phospholipase A2 enzyme.
Leukotrines are made from arachidonic acid by Lipoxygenase enzyme and Prostanoids are made by Cyclo-oxygenase enzyme (COX).
Prostacyclin, Prostaglandins and Thromboxane are made from Prostanoids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What part of the inflammatory stage do corticosteroids inhibit?

A

Phospholipase A2 enzyme - arachidonic acid is not made and therefore neither are leukotrines or prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What reaction does Prostaglandin E cause?

A

Vasodilation (so redness, warmth and oedema)
Fever
Tissue sensitivity (pain and irritation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the result of corticosteroids (what is reduced?)

A

Vasodilation reduced, so redness, warmth and oedema reduce
Fibroblast proliferation reduced (results in less collagen deposition so reduced scarring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the indications for using corticosteroids?

A

Reduce inflammation when substantial but non-infectious (e.g. uveitis, blunt trauma)
Post-operative prophylactic treatment to reduce inflammation (e.g. cataract op)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the contraindications for using corticosteroids?

A

Red eye with an unknown cause - if infected corticosteroids could mask inflammatory signs as well as reduce immune response (making infection worse)
‘Steroid responders’ - IOP increase when on steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What forms does Prednisolone come in and what is it?

A

Corticosteroid
Pred forte 1% w/BC
0.5% w/BC
0.5% minims

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How often should Prednisolone be administered?

A

Every 1-2 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the ADRs for corticosteroids?

A

Increased IOP (up to 8mmHg)
Immunosuppression
Infectious signs masking
Retarded wound healing
Steroid cataract
Steroid glaucoma
Corneal thinning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What form does Betamethasone come in, what is it and how often should it be administered?

A

Corticosteroid
Bethesol 0.1% w/BC
Every 1-2 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What forms does Dexamethasone come in, what is it and how often should it be administered?

A

Corticosteroid
Maxidex 0.1% w/BC
Maxitrol 0.1% w/neomycin and polymixin B
Minims
4-6x daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What form does Fluoromethalone come in, what is it and how often should it be administered?

A

Corticosteroid
0.1% w/BC
Hourly for first 24-48 hours, then 2-4x daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which part of the inflammatory stages do NSAIDs affect?

A

Inhibit Cyclo-oxygenase enzymes (COX), preventing Prostaglandin synthesis
Older inhibit both COX 1 and 2
Newer only inhibit COX 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between COX 1 and 2?

A

COX 1: produces prostaglandins as part of normal homeostasis and is present in all cells
COX 2: produces prostaglandins as part of an inflammatory reaction and so only present in inflamed cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the main effects of NSAIDs?

A

Reduction of vasodilation (so redness, warmth and oedema)
Anti-pyretic (reduces fever)
Analgesic (reduces pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What might an older NSAID which targets both types of COX cause and why?

A

GI tract issues (e.g. ulcer)
Due to inhibition of COX 1, so homeostasis is affected (prostaglandins are protective in GI wall, secretions become more acidic without them)

17
Q

What are the indications for NSAIDs?

A

Post-op for cataracts to prevent inflammation and CMO
Argon laser trabeculoplasty to prevent inflammation
Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
AC inflammation and corticosteroids contraindicated

18
Q

What are the contraindications for NSAIDs?

A

Aspirin sensitivity
GI tract issues
Anticoagulant meds

19
Q

What is Diclofenac and what is it available as?

A

NSAID
Voltarol 0.1% single-use drops

20
Q

What is Flurbiprofen and what is it available as?

A

NSAID
Ocufen 0.03% single-use drops

21
Q

What is Keterolac and what is it available as?

A

NSAID
Acular 0.5% multidose drops

22
Q

Give some examples of systemic NSAIDs.

A

Ibuprofen
Aspirin
Diclofenac

23
Q

How do mast cells release mediators?

A

Activated by IgE binding of 2 or more allergens on cell surface, then releases mediators by degranulation (mediators inside mast cell in granules)

24
Q

What is Mast cell stabiliser’s mode of action?

A

Release of mediators prevented (no degranulation)
If some already released, no effect on these but will prevent further inflammation

25
Q

What are the indications for using mast cell stabilisers?

A

Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
Giant papillary conjunctivitis

26
Q

What is Sodium Cromoglicate, what is it available as, and what’s its dose?

A

Mast cell stabiliser
2% P med e.g. Optrex
4x daily

27
Q

What is Lodoxamide, what is it available as, and what’s its dose?

A

Mast cell stabiliser
Alomide 0.1% w/BC, POM available OTC for SAC
>4 yo 4x daily

28
Q

What is Nedocromil sodium, what is it available as, and what’s its dose?

A

Mast cell stabiliser
Rapitil 2% w/BC multidose POM (disc. in UK)
SAC: >6yo 2-4x daily for max 12 weeks
Vernal keratoconjunctivtis: >6 yo 4x daily

29
Q

How do anti-histamines work?

A

Antagonist to histamine receptors - block receptors so histamine can’t bind and create inflammatory effects
Usually H1 receptor (main allergic response receptor)

30
Q

Which histamine receptors are present on the surface of the eye?

A

H1 and H2

31
Q

What side effects can topical anti-histamines have?

A

Stinging, irritation and lacrimation on instillation

32
Q

What is Antazoline, what is it available as and what’s it’s dose?

A

Anti-histamine
Otrivine-Antistin 0.5% w/BC and xylometazoline, P med
2-3x daily

33
Q

What’s the onset and duration of Antazoline and it’s ADRs?

A

~5 min onset
~6 hour duration
Stinging, pupil dilation, upper lid retraction

34
Q

What is Azelastine, what is it available as and what’s it’s dose?

A

Anti-histamine
Optilast 0.05% w/BC, POM
2-4x daily for max 6 weeks

35
Q

What is Ketitofen and what is it available as?

A

Anti-histamine
Zaditen 0.025% w/BC, multidose POM

36
Q

What is Olopatadine and what is it available as?

A

Anti-histamine
Opatanol 0.1% w/BC, multidose POM

37
Q

How do decongestants work?

A

Act directly on alpha-receptors of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls to induce vasoconstriction and reduce lumen size

38
Q

Do decongesants treat the underlying mechanism or cause of redness?

A

No, only blanche the sign

39
Q

What is Xylometazoline and what is it available as?

A

Decongestant
Otrivine- Antistin 0.05% w/ 0.5% Antazoline

Year 2 Ocular Pharmacology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions