Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Ocular Pharmacology > Anti infectives > Flashcards

Anti infectives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between antimicrobials and antibiotics?

A

Antimicrobials is an umbrella term for any substance that fights against micro-organisms
Antibiotics refers to substances that are derived from or produced by micro-organisms which destroy bacteria or inhibit their growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do bacterial spores form?

A

Via spormulation inside the cell, release on bursting of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How can anti-bacterial resistance occur?

A

Spontaneous mutation
Reduced drug affinity to the bacterial binding site
Bacterial enzymes able to deactivate drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When does anti-bacterial resistance occur?

A

When not all micro-organisms are destroyed, allowing them to overcome the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How should bacteria be identified?

A

Signs and sxs
Subculture (microscope or staining)
Test antibiotic sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Pink/red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What type of bacteria tends to have a more serious infection and why?

A

Gram negative
Due to extra outer membrane, it’s more resistant to immune defence and drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the types of bacterial infections commonly seen in practice?

A

Blepharitis
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Stye
Chalazion
Corneal ulcer
Keratitis
Orbital cellulitis
Dacrocystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is Staphylococcus Aureus gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give some examples of Staphylococcus Aureus infections

A

Blepharitis
Central and marginal coreal ulcers
Mucopurulent conjunctivitis
Stye
Dacrocystitis
Orbital cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is Streptococcus gram positive or negative?

A

Gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give examples of a Streptococcus infection

A

Mucopurulent conjunctivitis
Dacrocystitis
Central corneal ulcers
Orbital cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Is Pseudomonas Aeruginosa gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When are you likely to pick up an Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infection?

A

From plants, soil and water - it’s opportunistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What could happen with a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infection?

A

Sight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give examples of a Pseudomonas Aeruginosa infection

A

Endophthalmitis
Central corneal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is Moraxella Lacunata gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give examples of a Moraxella Lacunata infection

A

Conjunctivitis
Central/peripheral corneal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are E-coli, neisseria, salmonella and haemophilus influenzae gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give examples of infections that E-coli, neisseria, salmonella and haemophilus influenzae would cause

A

Conjunctivitis
Central corneal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two bacteria most likely to cause bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Staphylococcus and streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How should a bacterial infection be treated?

A
  1. Identify bacteria with clinical/lab diagnosis
  2. Select effective antibacterial
  3. Use antibacterial at an effective dose for long enough in the right place to fight infection
  4. Use other non-pharma treatments to aid symptoms (e.g. hot compress)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the types of antibacterial drugs?

A

Chloramphenicol
Tetracyclines
Fusidic Acid
Penicillins
Polymixin
Aminoglyosides
Fluoroquinalones
Isetionates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can antibacterial drugs work? i.e. what are the possible mechanisms?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis
Disrupt bacterial cell plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which drugs inhibit protein synthesis?

A

Chloramphenicol
Fusidic acid
Propamidine isetionate
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How does protein synthesis inhibition work?

A

Ribosomal subunits selectively targeted, preventing assembly of new proteins within the bacterial cell by toxicity from the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When can chloramphenicol be given?

A

With a signed order as a POM
As a P OTC as long as px is over 2, is used to treat acute bacterial conjunctivitis for a max of 5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which ribosomal subunit is chloramphenicol toxic to?

A

50S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What bacteria is chloramphenicol effective against?

A

Gram positive and negative
Some funghi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What forms is chloramphenicol available in? How should it be stored?

A

0.5% drops and minims
1% ointment
Must be kept in fridge

32
Q

What cautions do you need to be aware of with chloramphenicol?

A

If using systemically: aplastic anaemia or grey baby syndrome can occur
Most Pseudomonas aeruginosas resistant
Refrain from use unless infection not clearing up (after 72 hours with lid hygiene advice)

33
Q

When would chloramphenicol be indicated?

A

Superficial eye infections

34
Q

Is chloramphenicol bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriostatic

35
Q

Is Fusidic acid bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriostatic (mostly)
Can be bacteriocidal if conc high enough

36
Q

What is fusidic acid available as?

A

1% modified-release eye drops: ophthalmic gel (liquifies on contact)
2x daily
POM

37
Q

When is fusidic acid indicated?

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis

38
Q

What bacteria is fusidic acid effective against?

A

Gram positive cocci

39
Q

What is the mode of action for propamidine isetionate and diprompropamidine isetionate?

A

Bacteriostatic
Not fully clear - modify protein/DNA synthesis

40
Q

When is propamidine isetionate and diprompropamidine isetionate indicated?

A

Acanthamoeba keratitis
Effective against staph and strep

41
Q

What is resistant to propamidine isetionate and diprompropamidine isetionate?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

42
Q

What is propamidine isetionate and diprompropamidine isetionate available as?

A

Drops 0.1% (propamidine)
Ointment 0.15% (diprompropmidine)

43
Q

What type of antibiotic is Gentamicin?

A

Aminoglycoside

44
Q

What is Gentamicin effective against?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa!!
Many other bacteria (gram positive and negative)

45
Q

Which is Gentamicin’s mode of action?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis by targeting 30S subunit

46
Q

Who can prescribe Gentamicin?

A

IP OOs and ophthalmologists

47
Q

What is gentamicin used to treat?

A

Conjunctivitis
Serious bleph infections

48
Q

What is Gentamicin available as?

A

0.3% drops, sometimes with BK chloride

49
Q

What’s the dose for Gentamicin?

A

1 drop every 2 hours initially, reduce dose until 48 hours after healing

50
Q

Name another aminoglycoside

A

Framycetin

51
Q

What is Polymixin B’s mode of action?

A

Bactericidal, disrupting on the cell plasma membrane of gram negative bacteria

52
Q

When is Polymixin B indicated?

A

Superficial bacterial infections
(conjunctivitis, blepharitis)

53
Q

What is Polymixin B available as?

A

Maxitrol drops or ointment (with dexamethasone and neomycin)

54
Q

What drugs prevent cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillins
Vancomycin

55
Q

Who can prescribe Polymixin B?

A

IP OOs

56
Q

What should you do with a fungal infection?

A

Refer, no drugs available to OOs

57
Q

Whats the difference between moulds and yeasts?

A

Moulds - multicellular, spore to reproduce, infection usually trauma related
Yeasts - unicellular, bud to reproduce, infection usually due to chronic/systemic causes

58
Q

What are the RFs for fungal infections?

A

Exposure (e.g. gardening)
Immunocompromised
Hot/humid climate
Increased Age

59
Q

Give an example of a fungi

A

Candida albicans

60
Q

Give an example of a fungal infection

A

Fungal keratitis
Endophthalmitis

61
Q

Give an example of an antifungal

A

Nystatin
Amphotericin
Fluctyosine

62
Q

What is used to treat Chlamydiae?

A

Tetracyclines

63
Q

How do tetracyclines work?

A

Prevent protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunit 30S

64
Q

When are tetracyclines contraindicated?

A

<12 year olds bc deposits in teeth and bones

65
Q

How do modern antivirals work?

A

Utilise chemical signals specific to target virus - strengthens drug activity and minimises effect on host cells

66
Q

What are some types of viral infection?

A

HSV 1 - dendritic ulcers, keratoconjunctivis and cold cores
Herpes zoster - chicken pox, shingles
Adenovirus - epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
HIV
Rubella - congenital cataracts and microphthalmos

67
Q

What ophthalmic effects can shingles have?

A

Corneal oedema and inflammation
Reduced corneal sensitivity
Corneal ulcers and scarring

68
Q

What does Aciclovir treat?

A

HSV (local and systemic)
Herpes zoster (systemic)

69
Q

How does Aciclovir work?

A

Prevents viral DNA replication
Inactive form until activated by thymidine kinase

70
Q

What is Aciclovir available as?

A

3% ointment
Systemic tablets (or if ocular infection stromal or deeper)

71
Q

What does Ganciclovir treat?

A

Herpetic keratitis
CMV for AIDs pxs

72
Q

How does Ganciclovir work?

A

Stops viral DNA replication

73
Q

What is Ganciclovir available as?

A

0.15% gel with BK chloride

74
Q

What’s the dose for Ganciclovir?

A

5x daily until epithelium healed, then 3x daily for 7 days

75
Q

Who can prescribe Ganciclovir?

A

IP OOs if infection is unilateral and epithelial only

76
Q

When is it ideal to treat acanthamoeba keratitis?

A

Before formation of cysts

77
Q

What is acanthamoeba keratitis treated with?

A

Aggressive combination therapy
(polyhexanide or chlorhexidine and propamidine)

Year 2 Ocular Pharmacology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions