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Pharmacology 1 > Anti-Infectives & Injections > Flashcards

Anti-Infectives & Injections Flashcards

1
Q

If giving a shot on an angle, the bevel should be _______.

A

Up

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2
Q

Vial

A

Rubber topped container for multiple entry

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3
Q

Penicillins

(peni-cil-lins)

Drugs to Remember

(2)

A

Penicillin G

-and-

Ampicillin

(am-pi-cil-lin)

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4
Q

Principles of Antibiotic/ Anti-Infective Therapy:

Reality:

Give other drugs to ________ the loss of natural flora

A

counter act

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5
Q

30 mL syringe

A

Rare

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6
Q

General procedure for using vials

A
  1. Clean the top with alcohol and let it dry a bit
  2. Inject as much air into the vial as the amount you will take out
  3. Turn upside down to draw out medication
    1. For fewer air bubbles
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7
Q

Types of syringes

A
  1. 3 mL syringe
  2. Tuberculine syringe
  3. Insulin syringe
  4. 5 mL syringe
  5. 10 mL syringe
  6. 30 mL syringe
  7. 60 mL syringe
  8. Pre-filled syringe
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8
Q

Age & Situation Related Side Effects:

Very Young

A

No tetracycline

  • Causes malformed/discolored teeth & bones

(tetra-cycl-ine)

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9
Q

Principles of Antibiotic/ Anti-Infective Therapy:

Reality:

MD often “________” at the right drug rather than wait to do a _______ (wait 2 days to know what organism is)

-Often uses ____________ medication

A

guesses

culture

-Broad spectrum

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10
Q

Penicillins

(peni-cil-lins)

Works mostly on which type of bacteria?

A

Gram (+) bacteria

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11
Q

How to Choose a Site & Equipment:

Consider where the ______ was given

A

last injection

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12
Q

Sulfonamides Uses:

(Sulf-on-am-ides)

  • This drug is often ________________
A

combined with others for best effect

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13
Q

Penicillins

(peni-cil-lins)

Bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal?

A

Bacteriocidal

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14
Q

Patient Teaching:

Take the _________. Don’t stop until all doses are gone. At first infection may just be __________ and not gone, although you feel better.

A

whole prescription

suppressed

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15
Q

Bacteriostatic

(bacterio-static)

A

Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth

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16
Q

Parts of the syringe that must be kept sterile:

A
  1. The needle
  2. The inside of the barrel
  3. The end of the plunger
  4. The barrel tip that the needle hub fits into
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17
Q

Age & Situation Related Side Effects:

Pregnant Women

A

Some types of antibiotics will harm fetus

Caused birth defects

ter-a-to-gens

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18
Q

Penicillins

(peni-cil-lins)

Action

A

Inhibits bacterial cell wall sythesis

-Causes the bacteria cell to breakdown and die

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19
Q

Aspirate or not

A

Depends on hospital policy

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20
Q

How to Choose a Site & Equipment:

Site may be determined by________

A

amount of medication

(deltoid- 1 mL only)

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21
Q

Penicillins Problems:

(peni-cil-lins)

Combination drugs may be used to _________

beta- lactamase

A

inhibit

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22
Q

Patient Teaching:

Don’t ____________, if you do, throw them away. May be _______ when expired.

A

have any leftovers

toxic

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23
Q

Disadvantages of administering medications by injection

A
  • More expensive than pills
  • Takes more than popping a pill
  • Hard to get it back if given wrong
    • Can’t pump your stomach like a pill
  • Painful?
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24
Q

Can sulfanomides be combined with other drugs?

A

Yes, sulfanomides are often combined with other drugs for the best effect

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25
Q

Cephalosporins

(cep-halo-spor-ins)

Defining Characterisitc

A

Synthetic antibiotic

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26
Q

Minimizing tissue damage & reducing discomfort:

________ and get the needle in all _________

_*Don’t insert needle in stages_

A

Dart quickly

one motion

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27
Q

Four biggest side effects of antibiotics:

A
  1. Allergy (mild to severe)
  2. Resistance
  3. Superinfection
  4. Gastrointestional upset
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28
Q

How to Choose a Site & Equipment:

Consider the __________ the patient is going to recieve

A

of injections

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29
Q

Pre-filled syringe

A
  • Already drawn up in standard dosages
  • Used for narcotics, saline, emergency meds
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30
Q

Four biggest side effects of antibiotics:

Gastrointestional Upset

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomitting
  • Diarrhea
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31
Q

Age & Situation Related Side Effects:

Very Old

A

May need a small dose because of poor liver function

*the liver can’t metabolize well

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32
Q

Penicillins Contraindications:

(peni-cil-lins)

Many people are _________-especially people with __________

A

allergic

asthma

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33
Q

Where are the acceptable locations for ID injections?

A

Acceptable ID injection locations:

  1. Inside forearms
  2. Particulary left arm for TB test
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34
Q

Minimizing tissue damage & reducing discomfort:

Don’t ________ once it is in the patient

A

move the needle

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35
Q

Penicillins Uses:

(peni-cil-lins)

Often used for _________ and ___________

A

pneumonia

ear infections

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36
Q

Advantages of administering medications by injection

A
  • Works quickly- 15 minute
  • Pretty easy to do- pt. can learn
  • Some medications can only be done this way
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37
Q

Acceptable locations for SQ/SC injections

A
  1. Out arm “flab”
  2. Anterior thigh
  3. Lower abdomen
    1. Aim for a stretch mark (W)
  4. Upper back (scapula area)
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38
Q

What is the maximum amount for IM injections

A

3 mL

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39
Q

Gram (-) cocci

A

Bacteria with a more complex cell wall

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40
Q

What is the needle made up of?

A

Stainless steel

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41
Q

General rules for Z-Track Style IM injection

A
  • DON’T PINCH
  • Displace tissue to side with side of hand
  • Inject at 90 degree angle into muscle
  • Pull out needle and release displaced tissue at the same time
  • Usually done in a large muscle
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42
Q

What is the relationship between number of the needle’s gauge and its size?

A

Inverse Relationship

  • The smaller the number the larger the diameter of the needle
  • The larger the number the smaller the diameter of the needle
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43
Q
A
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44
Q

How to Choose a Site & Equipment:

Consider the patient’s ________

A

Incisions

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45
Q

Protecting Yourself:

Dispose of the needle/syringe _________

A

immediately

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46
Q

Boards

Do NOT aspirate for _________ & ________

A

subcutaneous

immunizations

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47
Q

Sulfonamides

(Sulf-on-am-ides)

Action

A

Inhibit the synthesis of folic acid used for growth of bacteria

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48
Q

Principles of Antibiotic/ Anti-Infective Therapy:

Ideally, the drug should:

A
  1. Kill the specific organism
  2. Not kill the normal flora
  3. Have NO side effects
49
Q

General rules for ID injections

A
  1. Not for delivering medication
  2. Use a TB syringe with 25 gauge needle or less
  3. Insert bevel up and make and “bleb” under the skin
  4. DO NOT massage or press
50
Q

Patient Teaching:

If _________, wear a medical alert tag.

A

ALLERGIC

51
Q

How to Choose a Site & Equipment:

Syringe: Depends on __________

A

amount of medication

52
Q

Minimizing tissue damage & reducing discomfort:

________: Have band-aids, stickers, kisses from parents

A

Kids

53
Q

General rules for SQ/SC injections

A
  1. Give no more than 1 mL is given in a SQ injection
  2. 5/8 inch needle with small diameter -25 gauge is common
  3. Pinch the skin
  4. Enter at a 45 degree angle with bevel up
54
Q

What is the needle’s bevel?

A
  • The bevel makes the needle more pointy and easier to use
55
Q

Where are the acceptable locations for IM injection?

A

Acceptable IM Locations

  1. Ventrogluteal
  2. Deltoid (only 1 mL max)
  3. Vastus lateralis
    1. Use this site for kids less than 2

NO, NO - Dorsogluteal site (no longer acceptable!)

56
Q

Protecting Yourself:

Use the needle ________ on the syringe

A

shield

57
Q

Principles of Antibiotic/ Anti-Infective Therapy:

Reality:

It may be enough to ________ the organism so that body’s natural defenses can “_______“

A

suppress

catch up

58
Q

Penicillins Uses:

(peni-cil-lins)

_________ drugs

A

Broad spectrum

59
Q

Anti-infectives

A

Help fight infections

60
Q

Four biggest side effects of antibiotics:

Resistance

A

Organism mutates and avoids the effects of the medication

61
Q

Barrel of the needle

A
  • The part of the needle where medication goes into
  • Marked off for precise measurement
62
Q

Needle cap

A

Cap cover of sterile needles

63
Q

Patient Teaching:

Antibiotics interfere with ______________. Use a barrier method.

A

oral birth control

64
Q

Four biggest side effects of antibiotics:

Superinfection type #2

A

Superinfection type #2

  • When the patient starts with a viral infection and now bacteria have invaded
    • ​Because the immune system is busy fighting the virus
65
Q

Medication containers for syringes

A
  1. Vials
  2. Ampules
66
Q

Minimizing tissue damage & reducing discomfort:

________ the skin

A

Pinch

67
Q

Intramuscular injections

A

IM

  • Injection into MUSCLE
68
Q

Sulfonamides Uses:

(Sulf-on-am-ides)

  • Excellent antibiotic for ________
A

UTIs

69
Q

The needle shield should be able to be activated with _________

A

One hand

70
Q

Tuberculine syringe

A
  • Holds 1 mL only
  • Can measure 1/100th of a mL
71
Q

Penicillins

(peni-cil-lins)

Made from _________

A

molds

72
Q

Carpuject Syringe Holder

A

Used for pre-filled medications

73
Q

Patient Teaching:

Contact your health care provider if you have the following symptoms when taking anti-infectives:

(4)

A
  1. Rash
  2. Respiratory problems
  3. Edema around face
  4. Diarrhea lasting more than 1 day
74
Q

Insulin syringe

A
  • Holds 1 mL max
    • Some can hold only 1/2 of an mL
  • Measures insulin only
    • Insulin comes in units
    • 1 unit = 1/100th of mL
  • Needle is NOT removable
75
Q

Since many bacteria are not resistant, sulfanomids are useful for treating__________

A

MRSA

(Methicillin Resistant Staphyloccus aureus)

76
Q

Penicillins Problems:

(peni-cil-lins)

Many bacterial have ________ and produce _________ which _____________.

A

mutated

beta-lactamase (lact-a-mase)

destroys penicillins

77
Q

Needle shield

A
  • Protective covering used after the needle is used
    • Covers the dirty needle
  • Cannot be taken off once activated
78
Q

How to Choose a Site & Equipment:

Needle choice: ___________ to do what you want

-and-

_________ not to bend

A

long enough

thick enough

79
Q

How to Choose a Site & Equipment:

Consider if the medication is _________.

If so give in ___________.

A

irritating

large muscle

80
Q

5 mL syringe

A
  • Measures in 1/10th
  • Rare
81
Q

Principles of Antibiotic/ Anti-Infective Therapy:

Reality:

_______ the infection without too many _______

A

Kill

side effects

82
Q

Sulfonamides

(Sulf-on-am-ides)

Bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal

A

Bacteriostatic

-inhibits growth

83
Q

General procedure for using ampules

A
  1. Flick to get all the fluid to the bottom
  2. Clean the break area (neck) with alcohol
  3. Break away- cover top with alcohol swab package
  4. Dont turn ampule upside down when you draw med out
  5. Use a filter needle to a regular needle before injection
84
Q

What are ID injections mostly used for?

A
  1. TB tests
  2. Allergy tests
85
Q

General rules for IM injections

A
  1. IM injectins with larger diameter needle
    1. 20 gauge is common
  2. IM needle length is 1-1 1/2
  3. Pinch the skin
  4. Enter at a 90 degree angle (into the muscle)
86
Q

Minimizing tissue damage & reducing discomfort:

If the medication is NOT heparin, then ___________

A

massage the site

87
Q

Patient Teaching:

Don’t ___________ with anyone. They may have _______ or it may not be the right medication for their situation.

A

share your meds

allergies

88
Q

Intradermal Injections

A

ID

  • Injections just under the skin
89
Q

Contradictions of sulfanomides?

A

Few

90
Q

Four biggest side effects of antibiotics:

Allergy

A
  • Mild to severe
  • Rash, itching →Constriction of bronchi & anaphylactic shock
91
Q

Bacteriocidal

(bacteri-o-cidal)

A

Antibiotics that kill bacteria

92
Q

Sulfanomides

Drug to Remember

A

Sulfamethoxazole

(sulfa-meth-ox-az-ole)

(Bactrim)

(bact-rim)

93
Q

Patient Teaching:

When taking anti-infectives, you should see improvements in ________ hours after starting

A

24-48

94
Q

The bevel is the needle’s_________?

A

Sharpest point

95
Q

How is the diameter of the needle measured?

A

Needle’s diameter is measured in “gauges”

96
Q

Minimizing tissue damage & reducing discomfort:

Inject quickly, but not ___________

A

a burst

97
Q

Subcutaneous Injections

A

SQ/SC

  • Injection into FAT
    • ​NOT the muscle
98
Q

Protecting Yourself:

Do NOT _________ the needle after its been in the patient

A

recap

99
Q

Boards

DO aspirate for ___________

A

IM injections

100
Q

Gram (+) cocci

A

Round bacterial with thick cell walls

101
Q

________, ________, _________ and ________ all cause infections, but must be treated differently.

A

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, virus

102
Q

Principles of Antibiotic/ Anti-Infective Therapy:

Reality:

Start the medication now, don’t wait-Get to the “____________” ASAP

A

therapeutic level

103
Q

What unit of measurement is used for the needle’s length?

A

Inches

104
Q

Plunger of the needle

A
  • Measures at where the plunger scrapes the barrel of the syringe
  • Note the pointy tip in the middle
105
Q

Aerobic

(a-er-ob-ic)

A

Living in the presence of O2

106
Q

Anaerobic

(ana-er-ob-ic)

A

Living the the absence of O2

107
Q

Principles of Antibiotic/ Anti-Infective Therapy:

Prophylactic Use Goal:

A

To prevent infection when there is a risk of contamination:

  1. Before surgery
  2. With severe injury
  3. With a dirty wound
108
Q

Injection types and sites

A
  1. Subcutaneous injections (SQ/SC)
    1. ​Injection into FAT
  2. Intramuscular injection (IM)
    1. ​Injection into MUSCLE
  3. Intradermals (ID)
    1. ​Injection just UNDER the SKIN
  4. Z-Tack style IM injection
    1. Push skin as you inject into MUSCLE
109
Q

General rule about used insulin needles and caps?

A

Don’t recap

Insulin needles go through the cap

110
Q

Minimizing tissue damage & reducing discomfort:

________ quickly

A

Get out

111
Q

What is the usual amount for ID injections?

A

1/10th is the usual amount

112
Q

Sulfonamides is used in treating (2):

(Sulf-on-am-ides)

A
  1. UTIs
  2. MRSA
113
Q

Purpose of Z-Track Style IM Injection

A
  • Style of injection for medications too irritating or might stain the skin
114
Q

Ampules

A

Glass container that must be broken open

115
Q

Four biggest side effects of antibiotics:

Superinfection type #1

A

Superinfection type #1

  • Normal flora disturbed (2% change)
    • Normal flora has a function in the body
  • When normal flora is killed
    • ​Other organisms are no longer kept under control
      • ex. fungi, C.diff
116
Q

Hub of the needle

A
  • Comes in different colors
  • The colors usually corresponds to the gauge of the needle
117
Q

3 mL syringe

A
  • Measures in 1/10<strong>th</strong> of a mL
  • Up to 3 mL
118
Q

Protecting Yourself:

___________ during the injection

A

Wear gloves

119
Q
A

Pharmacology 1 (15 decks)

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