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OS 204 > Anterior Neck > Flashcards

Anterior Neck Flashcards

0
Q

Why is the neck considered a region of vulnerability?

A

Important structures lack skeletal protection

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1
Q

Superior and inferior borders of the neck?

A

Base of cranium, clavicle

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2
Q

Disease which manifests as a mass on the neck containung serous fluid

A

Chronic bronchial sepsis

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3
Q

Nodular mass of the neck

A

Inflammation of cervical fascia

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4
Q

Multinucleated lymphatic lesions commonly found in the left posterior triangle of neck and armpit

A

Cystic hygroma / cystic lymphangioma

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5
Q

Cystic mass on the nexk due to malformation of blood vessel

A

Hemangioma

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6
Q

Why does hemangioma seem to disappear during inspiration

A

Negative thoracic pressure pushes it in.

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7
Q

Non-malignant enlargement of the thyroid gland

A

Goiter

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8
Q

Twisted neck or wryneck, when infant holds head tilted to one side and has difficulty turning head

A

Congenital muscular torticollis

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9
Q

Muscle which is tight, shortened, or calcified in a twisted neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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10
Q

Most common surgical procedure in the neck region?

A

Thyroidectomy

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11
Q

Emergency procedure where cricothyroid membrane is punctured to open the blocked airway?

A

Cricothyrotomy

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12
Q

Emergency procedure where trachea is opened for airway?

A

Tracheostomy

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13
Q

Cricothyrotomy is performed if this procedure fails to open airway?

A

Heimlich maneuver

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14
Q

Disadvantages of tracheostomy over cricothyrotomy?

A

More bloody, risk of thyroid being damaged

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15
Q

Landmark muscle in the superficial fascia

A

Platysma

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16
Q

Avascular space in neck that extends up to the face. It is also the reason why facelifts should be bloodless

A

Superficial facial cleft

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17
Q

Most clinically important muscular landmark of the neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid

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18
Q

The sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into which triangles?

A

Anterior and posterior

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19
Q

Structure beneath the superior half of the SCM

A

Cervical plexus

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20
Q

Structure beneath the inferior half of SCM

A

Carotid sheath

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21
Q

Forcible exhalation not allowing any air to escape through mouth or nose.

A

Valsava maneuver

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22
Q

Blood vessel which is an internal barometer. It’s height may be used to measure blood pressure

A

External jugular vein

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23
Q

Nerve parallel to external jugular vein and posterior to it by a finger’s breadth

A

Great auricular nerve

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24
Q

Fossa between the sternal head of the SCM

A

Jugular notch

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25
Q

Superior to the jugular notch

A

Jugular venous arch

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26
Q

Slight triangular depression between the sternal and clavicular heads of the SCM

A

Lesser supraclavicular fossa

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27
Q

Deep to the lesser supraclavicular fossa

A

Inferior end of internal jugular vein

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28
Q

Tubular fascial investment from the base of cranium to the root of the neck

A

Carotid sheath

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29
Q

The carotid sheath and pretracheal fascia communicate freely with what superiorly and inferiorly, which serve as potential pathways of infection spread?

A

Superior: cranial cavity
Inferior: mediastenium of thorax

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30
Q

Anterior border of anterior triangle of neck

A

Median line of neck

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31
Q

Posterior border of anterior triangle of neck?

A

Anterior border of SCM

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32
Q

Superior border of anterior triangle of neck?

A

Inferior border of mandible

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33
Q

Apex of of anterior triangle of neck?

A

Manubrium sterni at jugular notch

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34
Q

Roof of anterior triangle of neck?

A

Subcutaneous tissue containing platysma

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35
Q

Floor of anterior triangle of neck?

A

Pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland

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36
Q

List all smaller triangles in the anterior neck

A

1 submental, 2 submandibular, 2 carotid, 2 muscular

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37
Q

Only unpaired triangle of anterior neck

A

Submental

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38
Q

Contents of submental triangle

A

Submental lymph nodes, small veins that form anterior jugular vein

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39
Q

Inferior border of submental triangle

A

Body of hyoid bone

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40
Q

Lateral border of the submental triangle

A

Left and right digastric belly

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41
Q

Floor of the submental triangle

A

Paired mylohyoid muscles

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42
Q

Apex of the submental triangle

A

Mandibular symphysis

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43
Q

Base of the submental triangle

A

Hyoid

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44
Q

Glandular area between the inferior border of the mandible and the anterior and posterior belly of digastric

A

Submandibular triangle

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45
Q

Glands present in submandibular triangle

A

Submandibular, lower portion of parotid

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46
Q

Blood vessels present in submandibular triangle

A

Parts of facial artery and vein, submental artery

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47
Q

Nerves present in the submandibular triangle

A

Nerve to mylohyoid, hypoglossal

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48
Q

Lymph nodes present in submandibular triangle

A

Submandibular lymph nodes

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49
Q

Why are infections of the submandibular triangle limited to the region?

A

Encasing deep cervical fascia

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50
Q

Posterior border of submandibular triangle

A

Hyoid bone or posterior and anterior belly of digastric (?)

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51
Q

Anterolateral border of the submandibular triangle

A

Base of mandible

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52
Q

Cellulitis located at the floor of the tongue which pulls the tongue upwards

A

Ludwig’s Angina

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53
Q

Floor of the submandibular triangle

A

Mylohyoid, hyoglossus, medial pharyngeal constrictor

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54
Q

Important vessel in the carotid triangle

A

Common carotid artery

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55
Q

The common carotid divides into internal and external carotid at what level?

A

Level of superior border of the thyroid cartilage

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56
Q

Slight dilatation of the proximal part of internal carotid artery

A

Carotid sinus

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57
Q

Small reddish brown ovoid mass which lies on the medial deep side of the bifurcation of common carotid artery

A

Carotid body

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58
Q

Nerve supply of carotid sinus and carotid body

A

Cn 9 and 10

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59
Q

Chemoreceptor in the carotid triangle

A

Carotid body

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60
Q

Baroreceptor in the carotid triangle

A

Carotid sinus

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61
Q

Carotid sheath is formed by layers of what fascia

A

Deep cervical fascia

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62
Q

Fine nerves from cervical plexus that lie in the anterolateral aspect of the carotid sheath

A

Ansa cervicalis

63
Q

Structures inside carotid sheath

A

Common and internal carotid artery, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve

64
Q

Structures which lie along carotid sheath and internal jugular vein

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes

65
Q

Manifestation of nerve damage due to poor surgical dissection of the carotid triangle

A

Alteration in voice

66
Q

Superior boundary of the carotid triangle

A

Stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric

67
Q

Medial boundary of carotid triangle

A

Superior belly of omohyoid

68
Q

Lateral boundary of carotid triangle

A

Anterior border of SCM

69
Q

Floor of carotid triangle

A

Thyrohyoid, hyoglossus, inferior and middle pharyngeal constrictors

70
Q

Glands present in the muscular triangle

A

Thyroid and parathyroid glands

71
Q

Muscles present in muscular triangle

A

Sternohyoid, infrahyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

72
Q

Medial border of muscular triangle

A

Medial plane of neck

73
Q

Posterolateral border of the muscular triangle

A

Anterior border of SCM

74
Q

Anterolateral border of the muscular triangle

A

Superior belly of omohyoid

75
Q

Which common carotid artery ascends into the neck from the arch of the aorta?

A

Left

76
Q

Which common carotid artery begins at the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right

77
Q

Which common carotid artery has a course approximately 2 cm in the superior mediastenum before entering the neck

A

Left

78
Q

Artery which enters the cranium through carotid canal

A

Internal carotid artery

79
Q

Branches of internal carotid artery in the neck

A

None

80
Q

Branches of external carotid artery seen in the carotid triangle

A

Superior thyroid, lingual, ascending pharyngeal, facial, occipital

81
Q

Branch of external carotid which lies in the middle of the pharyngeal constrictor

A

Lingual artery

82
Q

Branch of external carotid which runs deep to infrahyoid and also gives rise to superior laryngeal artery

A

Superior thyroid

83
Q

Retrograde flow of blood in vertebral artery or internal thoracic artery due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) or occlusion of subclavian

A

Subclavian steal syndrome

84
Q

Carotid artery which cannot be ligated, even for only a short period of time?

A

Internal carotid

85
Q

Venous drainage of scalp and face

A

External jugular vein

86
Q

Smallest of the jugulars which arises near hyoid bone

A

Anterior jugular vein

87
Q

Unites the right and left anterior jugular vein

A

Jugular venous arch

88
Q

Continuation of the axillary vein which begins at the lateral border of the first rib

A

Subclavian vein

89
Q

Muscle which separates subclavian vein and artery

A

Anterior scalene

90
Q

subclavian vein and internal jugular vein connect to this vein

A

Brachiocephalic vein

91
Q

Largest vein in the neck

A

Internal jugular vein

92
Q

The internal jugular vein is a direct continuation of?

A

Sigmoid sinus

93
Q

Dilation of internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen

A

Superior bulb of IJV

94
Q

Area of internal jugular vein with bicuspid valve that prevents backflow of blood

A

Inferior bulb of IJV

95
Q

Union of the subclavian and internal jugular vein

A

Venous angle

96
Q

Lymphatic vessels which drain to the venous angle

A

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic trunk

97
Q

Insertion of a large bore needle or catheter for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

A

Internal jugular vein cannulation

98
Q

Which IJV is preferred for cannulation and why

A

Right because it is larger and straighter than left

99
Q

Branch of cervical plexus supplying skin of the anterior triangle

A

Transverse cervical nerve

100
Q

Major motor nerve of tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve

101
Q

Probably the biggest nerve in neck

A

Vagus

102
Q

Main parasympathetic nerve to organs of the thorax and abdomen

A

Vagus

103
Q

Motor nerve to respective half of diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

104
Q

Landmark for dissecting phrenic nerve

A

Anterior scalene

105
Q

Cervical synpathetic ganglion which forms the stellate ganglion

A

Inferior cervical ganglion

106
Q

Landmark for locating sympathetic trunk

A

Superior cervical ganglion

107
Q

Smallest of 3 sympathetic ganglia

A

Middle cervical ganglion

108
Q

Why is hyoid bone unique from other bones?

A

Isolated and suspended by muscles

109
Q

What connects the greater horn to the body

A

Young: fibrocartilage
Old: bone

110
Q

What connects lesser horn of hyoid to body

A

Fibrous tissue

111
Q

Type of joint between greater and lesser horn

A

Synovial

112
Q

Function of hyoid

A

Attachment for anterior neck muscles and a prop to keep the airway open

113
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Mylohyoid, stylohyoid, geniohyoid, digastric

114
Q

Action and innervation of mylohyoid

A

Elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue during swallowing and speaking
Nerve to mylohyoid. (Branch of inf. alveolar nerve, branch of v3)

115
Q

Action and innervation of geniohyoid

A

Pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly, shortens floor of mouth, widens pharynx
C1 via hypoglossal nerve

116
Q

Action and innervation of stylohyoid

A

Elevates and retracts hyoid, elongating floor of mouth

Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve

117
Q

Action and innervation of digastric

A

Depress mandible against resistance, elevates and steadies hyoid in swallowing and speaking
Anterior belly - nerve to mylohyoid
Posterior belly - digastric branch of facial nerve

118
Q

Muscles which constitute the floor of mouth

A

4 Suprahyoid muscles

119
Q

Why does the anterior and posterior digastric have different nerve supplies?

A

Different embryonic origin. Anterior is p. arch 1, posterior is p. arch 2

120
Q

Forms pretracheal layer or deep cervical fascia and allows the slidingof tendon to the body and greater horn of hyoid

A

Fibrous sling

121
Q

List the infrahyoid muscles

A

Omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid

122
Q

Also called the strap muscles

A

Infrahyoid muscles

123
Q

Infrahyoid muscles in superficial plane

A

Sternohyoid and omohyoid

124
Q

Infrahyoid muscles in the deep plane

A

Sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

125
Q

Muscle which covers the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland

A

Sternothyroid

126
Q

Superior and inferior bellies of this infrahyoid muscle is united by and intermediate tendon

A

Omohyoid

127
Q

Action and innervation of sternohyoid

A

Depress hyoid after swallowing

C1-c3 by ansa cervicalis

128
Q

Action and innervation of omohyoid

A

Depresses, retracts, and steadies hyoid

C1-c3 byd branch of ansa cervicalis

129
Q

Action and innervation of sternothyroid

A

Depress hyoid and larynx

C2-c3 by branch of ansa cervicalis

130
Q

Action and innervation of thyrohyoid

A

Depress hyoid, elevate larynx

C1 via hypoglossal nerve

131
Q

Infrahyoid muscle not innervated by ansa cervicalis

A

Thyrohyoid

132
Q

Largest endocrine gland

A

Thyroid gland

133
Q

Secretions of thyroid and corresponding functions?

A

Thyroid hormone - controls rate of metabolism

Calcitonin - controls calcium metabolism

134
Q

Isthmus of the thyroid is anterior to which tracheal rings?

A

2nd and 3rd

135
Q

Thyroid gland lies deep to which muscles

A

Sternohyoid and sternothyroid

136
Q

Vertebrae associated with the thyroid

A

C5-T1

137
Q

Unpaired artery of the thyroid

A

Thyroid ima artery

138
Q

Blood supply of anterosuperior thyroid

A

Superior thyroid artery

139
Q

Blood supply of posteroinferior thyroid

A

Inferior thyroid artery

140
Q

Independent thyroid plexus of veins

A

Inferior thyroid

141
Q

Thyroid veins which drain to internal jugular vein

A

Superior and middle thyroid

142
Q

Drainage of the inferior thyroid vein plexus

A

Brachiocephalic vein

143
Q

Vein which accompanies superior thyroid artery

A

Superior thyroid vein

144
Q

Vein which runs parallel courses with inferior thyroid artery

A

Middle thyroid vein plexus

145
Q

Lymphatic drainage of thyroid

A

Prelaryngeal, pretracheal, paratracheal lymph nodes

146
Q

Innervation of thyroid

A

Superior, middle, and inferior sympathetic ganglia

147
Q

Lies external to the thyroid capsule on medial half of posterior surface of each lobe of thyroid

A

Parathyroid gland

148
Q

How many parathyroid glands do most people have

A

4

149
Q

Arterial supply of parathyroid glands

A

Inferior thyroid. May be supplied by others

150
Q

Venous drainage of parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroid veins to thyroid plexus of veins

151
Q

Lymphatic drainage of parathyroid

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes, paratracheal lymph nodes

152
Q

Nerve supply of parathyroid

A

Thyroid branches of sympathetic ganglia

153
Q

Zone of penetrating trauma affecting inferior aspect of cricoid cartilage to thoracic outlet

A

Zone 1

154
Q

Zone of penetrating trauma affecting cricoid to angle of mandible

A

Zone 2

155
Q

Zone of penetrating trauma affecting angle of mandible to base of skull

A

Zone 3

156
Q

Zone of penetrating trauma with low morbidity and mortality risk

A

Zone 2

OS 204 (9 decks)

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