ANS-SoNS anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Origin of parasympathetic neurons

A

cranial nerve nuclei and sacral segments of spinal cord (S2-S4)

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2
Q

Origin of sympathetic neurons

A

Thoracic (T1-T12) and lumbar (L1-L5) segments of spinal cord

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3
Q

Location of parasympathetic ganglia

A

innervated organs

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4
Q

Location of sympathetic ganglia

A

2 paravertebral chains along spinal cord (most) or in prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen (some)

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5
Q

cholinergic receptor subtypes

A

nicotinic (N) and muscarinic (M)

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6
Q

somatic nervous system neurotransmitter and receptor

A

acetylcholine (ACh), nicotinic cholinergic receptors

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7
Q

PNS neurotransmitters, pre and postganglionic

A

preganglionic neurons release ACh, which interacts with nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Postganglionic neurons release ACh, which interacts with muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

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8
Q

SNS neurotransmitters, pre and postganglionic

A

pre release ACh, which interacts nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Postganglionic neurons release: norepinephrine at effect organs (alpha adrenergic in blood vessels, eye, GI tract) and beta-adrenergic (beta 1 in heart and smooth muscle but low affinity). acetylcholine at sweat glands (muscarinic cholinergic receptors) and dopamine (at the renal vascular smooth muscle, dopamine receptors).

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9
Q

Neurotransmitter(s) released by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine (EPI) and some NE that interact with adrenergic synapses with alpha1, beta1, beta2 receptors.

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10
Q

ratio of pre- to post-ganglionic neurons in the PNS versus SNS

A

PNS = ratio is 1:1, which functions in a discrete/localized fashion. SNS = ratio is 1:20-50, which allows SNS to function in a diffuse or widespread manner.

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11
Q

Action and regulation of the adrenal medulla

A

The adrenal medulla is basically a modified sympathetic ganglion. It secretes epinephrine into the circulation.

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12
Q

Effects mediated by nicotinic neuronal receptors at autonomic ganglia

A

cardiovascular: chiefly sympathetic effects (vasoconstriction, tachycardia, elevated Bp). GI/urinary tract: parasympathetic effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urination).

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13
Q

Effect of B1 receptors on heart

A

chronotropy, positive inotropy, increase in conduction velocity.

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14
Q

How is renin released from the kidney?

A

NE acts on beta1 receptors on juxtoglomerular cells.

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15
Q

mechanism for pupillary constriction

A

alpha1 agonism causes constriction of radial pupillary dilator muscle, causing mydriasis/dilation.

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16
Q

aqueous humor mechanism

A

beta2 receptor agonism causes increased production, which increases IOP. alpha1 receptor agonism causes vasoconstriction, leading to decreased IOP.

17
Q

GI tract regulation

A

smooth muscle is relaxed via presynaptic alpha2 receptor agonism, which inhibits release of ACh and ACh-mediated muscle contraction. Direct relaxiation is mediated by beta2 receptors on smooth muscle.

18
Q

Uterine smooth muscle control

A

relaxation via B2 receptors

19
Q

uretal sphincter, bladder base, prostate control

A

contraction via alpha1 receptors promotes continence

20
Q

bladder wall musculature regulation

A

relaxation via beta3 receptors promotes continence

21
Q

ejaculation control

A

alpha1 receptor activation in vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate.

22
Q

tremor, shakiness mechanism

A

b2 receptor action on contractile proteins

23
Q

glycogenolysis mechanism

A

beta2 receptor agonism

24
Q

lipolysis in adipose cells mechanism

A

beta3 receptor agonism

25
Q

insulin control

A

alpha2 receptor agonism decreases insulin secretion (major effect). beta2 receptor agonism increases insulin release.

26
Q

Effect of different receptor subtypes on blood pressure

A

alpha1: vasoconstriction (by increasing TPR and BP). beta1: chronotrpy and inotropy increase CO and BP. beta2: vasodilation (decreases TPR and BP). **alpha2: decrease in SNS outflow decreases BP.

27
Q

Outline the baroreceptor reflex arc

A

stretch receptors in the carotid sinus or aortic sense increased arterial pressure –> synapse with baroreceptor neurons in the spinal cord –> inhibit sympathetic discharge from the medulla resulting in vasodilation and decreased HR (reflex bradycardia) –> decreased arterial pressure. *This reflex also increases vagus (PNS) nerve activity.

28
Q

relaxation of baroreceptor

A

decrease in arterial pressure disinhibits tonic sympathetic discharge –> NE released in heart -> NE agonism at beta1 receptors causes reflex tachycardia + NE alpha1 agonism at blood vessels causes vasoconstriction –> increaase in arterial BP. *Also decreases vagus nerve action.

29
Q

respiratory tract control

A

bronchial smooth muscles are relaxed and bronchodilation occurs via beta2 receptors. Upper respiratory tract mucosal blood vessels are constricted via alpha1 receptors.

30
Q

Location of muscarinic receptors

A

heart, lungs, GI/GU tract, eye

31
Q

what is cycloplegia?

A

block of accomodation.