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Pharmacology > ANS SNS Drugs > Flashcards

ANS SNS Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Describe adrenaline 6

A
  1. Adrenaline is an endogenous catecholamine that stimulates both α and β receptors.
  2. Indicators for use include anaphylaxis and in combination with anaesthetics.
  3. Epinephrine is a potent vasoconstrictor and cardiac stimulant. Adrenaline results in positive inotropic (modifying force/speed of contraction of the heart) and chronotropic (change heart rate) effects on the heart (β1).
  4. There is also vasoconstriction in the vascular beds (α)
  5. β2 receptors are activated causing vasodilation in smooth and bronchodilation.
  6. Hyperglycemia results from increased glycogenolysis (β2) and decreased insulin release (α2)
  7. Side effects include: headache and prolonged use may result in peripheral vasoconstriction
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2
Q

Describe dopamine 5

A
  1. Dopamine is an adrenergic agonist
  2. Indications for use include: cardiogenic and septic shock, acute hypotension and severe HF
  3. Low dose dopamine activates dopaminergic receptors in the renal blood vessels resulting in increased CAMP leading to renal dilation and diuresis (increased urine production).
  4. Higher dose dopamine has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart by activating β1 receptors
  5. Large doses activate α1 receptors resulting in vasoconstriction of the VSM
  6. Side effects include hypertension, nausea and arrhythmias
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3
Q

Describe dobutamine 4

A
  1. Dobutamine is a direct acting sympathomimetic
  2. It is a β1-selective-adrenergic agonist
  3. It is indicated for acute failure
  4. By selectively stimulating the β1 receptors in the heart, dobutamine stimulates positive inotropic and chronotropic effects resulting in an increased cardiac output
  5. Side effects include atrial fibrillation
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4
Q

Describe phenylephrine 4

A
  1. Phenylephrine is a direct acting sympathomimetic
  2. It is an α1 adrenoceptor agonist.
  3. Use of phenylephrine is indicated for nasal decongestant, hypotension and in mydriatic (dilation)eye exams.
  4. Stimulation of the of α1 receptors results in:
    A) vasoconstriction (nasal mucosa for is example)
    B) increased BP
    C) mydriasis in the eye
  5. Side effects include HT and headache
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5
Q

Describe oxymetazoline and xylometazoline 4

A
  1. Oxymetazoline and xylometazoline are direct acting sympathomimetics
  2. They are α adrenergic agonists
  3. They are used as nasal decongestants, but may only be used for 5 days max or patient is at risk of rebound congestion .
  4. Topical nasal spray results in stimulation of α1 receptors resulting in local vasoconstriction of nasal mucosa and conjunctiva
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6
Q

Describe salbutamol

A
  1. Salbutamol is a direct acting sympathomimetic
  2. Salbutamol is a β2 adrenergic receptor agonist
  3. Salbutamol is indicated for use in asthma and COPD
  4. Stimulation of the β2 receptors relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation
  5. Inhalers:
    A. Salbutamol is short acting
    B. Salmeterol is long acting
    C. Indicaterol is ultra-long acting
  6. Side effects include restlessness, tremor, tachycardia or arrhthmia
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7
Q

Describe ephedrine

A
  1. Ephedrine is a mixed acting sympathomimetic drug that is banned by the FDA because of life threatening CV reactions
  2. Ephedrine is an α and β receptor agonist and promotes the release of NE from nerve endings
  3. Long DOA
  4. Enters the CNS with a mild stimulant effect
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8
Q

Describe pseudoephedrine

A
  1. Pseudoephedrine is mixed acting sympathomimetic drug that was banned by the FDA
  2. Ephedra enantiomers (same effect as ephedrine)
  3. Was available as an over the counter decongestant
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9
Q

Describe α methyldopa 4

A
  1. α methyl dopa is central acting α2 agonist
  2. α methyldopa is used to treat hypertension in pregnancy
  3. α methyldopa stimulates α2 receptors in the brain leading to decreased sympathetic outflow ( decr HR, decreased CO, decr PR —> decr BP)
  4. α methyldopa inhibits the synthesis of catecholamines, dopamine and serotonin
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10
Q

Describe phenoxybenzamine 6

A
  1. Phenoxybenzamine is an α adrenergic sympatholytic
  2. Phenoxybenzamine is a non-selective α adrenergic antagonist (24 hours)
  3. Phenoxybenzamine is used to treat pheochromacytoma (pre op) and rynaud’s disease.
  4. phenoxybenzamine is a vasodilation, reduces peripheral resistance
  5. Side effects include: postural hypotension, nasal stiffness, decreased ejaculation
  6. Phenoxybenzamine is contraindicated in CV disease
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11
Q

Describe phentolamine

A
  1. Phentolamine is an α adrenoceptor sympatholytic.
  2. Phentolamine is an α1 and α2 antagonist (4hours)
  3. Phentolamine is used to treat pheochromacytoma and in HPT crisis (MAO-1 tyramine food, clonidine withdrawal)
  4. Side effects include postural hypotension, arrhythmias and angin
  5. Contraindicated in IHD
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12
Q

Describe prazosin 4

A
  1. Prazosin is an α adrenoceptor sympatholytic
  2. Prazosin is a selective α1 antagonist
  3. Prazosin is used to treat hypertension
  4. Side effects include postural hypotension, drowsiness, headache and nasal congestion
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13
Q

Describe terazosin 4

A
  1. Terazosin is an α adrenergic sympatholytic
  2. Terazosin is a selective α1 antagonist
  3. Terazosin is used to treat hypertension
  4. Side effects include postural hypotension, drowsiness, headache and nasal congestion
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14
Q

Describe doxazosin 4

A
  1. Doxazosin is a α adrenergic sympatholytic
  2. Doxazosin is a selective α1 antagonist
  3. Doxazosin is used to treat hypertension
  4. Side effects include postural hypotension, drowsiness, headache and nasal congestion
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15
Q

Describe tamsulosin 4

A
  1. Tamsulosin is an α adrenergic sympatholytic
  2. Tamsulosin is a α1a antagonist.
  3. Tamsulosin is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
  4. Side effects include retrograde ejaculation and floppy iris syndrome
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16
Q

Describe alfuzosin 4

A
  1. alfuzosin is an α adrenergic sympatholytic
  2. alfuzosin is a α1a antagonist.
  3. alfuzosin is used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
  4. Side effects include retrograde ejaculation and floppy iris syndrome
17
Q

Describe propanalol

A
  1. Propranolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Propranolol blocks β1 and β2 receptors
  3. Propranolol is indicated for the treatment of:
    a) hypertension
    b) migraine
    c) hyperthyroidism
    d) angina pectoris
    e) mycardial infarction
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
18
Q

Describe Nadolol

A
  1. Nadolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Nadolol blocks β1 β2 receptors
  3. Nadolol is indicated for use in hypertension
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
19
Q

Describe pindolol

A
  1. Pindolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Pindolol blocks β1 β2 receptors
  3. Pindolol is indicated for use in hypertension
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
20
Q

Describe timolol

A
  1. Timolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Timolol blocks β1 β2 receptors
  3. Timolol is indicated for use in hypertension and glaucoma
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
21
Q

Describe antenolol

A
  1. Atenolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Atenolol blocks β1 receptors
  3. Atenolol is indicated for use in hypertension, angina and myocardial infarction
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
22
Q

Describe bisoprolol

A
  1. Bisoprolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Bisoprolol blocks β1 receptors
  3. Bisoprolol is indicated for use in hypertension, angina and myocardial infarction
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
23
Q

Describe esmolol

A
  1. Esmolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Esmolol blocks β1 receptors
  3. Esmolol is indicated for use in hypertension, angina and myocardial infarction
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
24
Q

Describe metoprolol

A
  1. Metprolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Metprolol blocks β1 receptors
  3. Metprolol is indicated for use in hypertension, angina and myocardial infarction
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
25
Q

Describe acebutolol

A
  1. Acebutolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Acebutolol blocks β1 receptors
  3. Acebutolol is indicated for use in hypertension
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
26
Q

Describe carvedilol

A
  1. Carvedilol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Carvedilol blocks β1 β2 α1 receptors
  3. Carvedilol is indicated for use in hypertension, non-acute congestive heart failure
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
27
Q

Describe labetelol

A
  1. Labetolol is a β adrenoceptor blocker
  2. Labetolol blocks β1 β2 α1 receptors
  3. Labetolol is indicated for use in hypertension
  4. Side effects include:
    i. Bronchospasm
    ii. Bradycardia
    iii. Heart block/ failure
    iv. Fatigue
    v. Impotence in males
    vi. Hypoglycemia
    vii. Cold extremities
    viii. Vivid dreams
28
Q

Describe the effects of propranolol 7

A
  1. Cardiovascular:
    I. Negative inotropic and chronotropic effects
    II. Depress SA and AV nodal activity
    III. CO, workload and oxygen consumption are reduced owing to the β1 blockade
    IV. Reduce renin
  2. Vascular
    I. Peripheral vasoconstriction

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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