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ANP 1107 > ANP 1107 - Pregnancy and Development > Flashcards

ANP 1107 - Pregnancy and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Pregnancy

A

Events that occur from fertilization until the infant is born

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2
Q

Conceptus

A

Women’s developing offspring

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3
Q

Gestation Period

A

Time from last menstrual period to birth

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4
Q

Embryo

A

Conceptus from fertilization to week 8

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5
Q

Fetus

A

Conceptus from week 8 to birth

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6
Q

Viability of Oocyte

A

12 - 24 hours

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7
Q

Viability of Sperm

A

24 - 48 hours

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8
Q

Fertilization

A

When sperms chromostomes combine with those of an egg, forming ZYGOTE

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9
Q

Loss of Sperm

A
  • Leak from Vagina
  • Destroyed in acidic environment
  • Fail to enter cervix
  • destroyed by resident phagocytes
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10
Q

Capacitation

A
  • Must occur within 8-10 hours
  • Enhances mobility and weakens membranes
  • This allows hydrolytic enzymes in the acromosome to be released
  • Sperms membrane protein are removed
  • Cholesterol is depleted, a membrane no longer tough
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11
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 1

A

Hyaluronidase on sperm digests intracellular fluid cement btw granulosa cells –> fall away from oocyte

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12
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 2

A

sperm binds to the ZP3 glycoprotein of the zona pellucid - sperm receptor. Causes increase Ca+ = acrosomal reaction

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13
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 3

A

Reactrion involves the breakdown of the plasma membrane and acrosomal membrane –> releases acrosomal enzymes which digest holes thru zone pellucida

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14
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 4

A

Acrosomes undergo exocytosis digests more holes in zona pelucida

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15
Q

xAcrosome Reaction: Step 5

A

path cleared, sperms go to oocytes membrane. At the same time, actin from sperm binds to oocytes binding receptor

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16
Q

Acrosome Reaction: Step 6

A

Binding leads to

(1) oocyte and sperm fuse
(2) sperm contents enter oocyte
(3) gametes are fused together perfectly

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17
Q

Polyspermy

A
  • Entry of several sperm into an egg
  • Occurs in some animals
  • Humans (monospermy)
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18
Q

Blocks to Polyspermy

A
  • Sperm enters oocyte, calcium released by oocyte ER

- calcium surge –> cortical reaction

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19
Q

Cortical Reaction

A
  • Granules inside plasma membrane spill out enzymes into extracellular space
  • ZIPS destroy sperm receptors
  • Prevents sperm from entering
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20
Q

Slow Block to Polyspermy

A
  • Spilled material binds water

- Material swells and hardens, detaches sperm receptors on oocyte

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21
Q

Zygote

A
  • A diploid cell resulting in fusion of two haploid gametes
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22
Q

Clevage

A
  • Early events in embryonic period
  • Produces a blastocyte
  • Rapid division of the zygote
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23
Q

Small Cells with High Surface-to-Volume Ratio

A
  • Enhances uptake of nutrients and oxygen and the disposal of waste
  • Provides large amount of cells to serve as building blocks
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24
Q

36 Hours After Fertilization

A
  • First cleavage division of zygote
  • Creates two identical blastocytes
  • Divide to produce 4, 8 cells
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25
Q

71 Hours

A
  • Loos collectionof cells that form from a berry-shaped cluster of 16 or more cells - MORULA
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26
Q

4-5 Days After

A
  • Embryo consists of 100 cells

- Begins to float free in uterus

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27
Q

Implantation

A

Blastocyte burrows into endometrium

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28
Q

Morula

A
  • Loose collection of cells

- Forms a berry shaped cells cluster of 16 or more

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29
Q

Blastocyte

A
  • Fluid filled hollow sphere composed of a single layer of large, flattened cells (trophoblast cells)
  • Small cluster of 20-30 rounded cells to one side called inner mass
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30
Q

Hatching

A
  • At day 5, blastocyte hatches out of the ZP

- Allows increased growth, access to unterine nutrient secretions and blastocyte adhesion to the uterine lining

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31
Q

Paturation

A
  • Giving birth to the baby
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32
Q

Labour

A

Series of events that expel the baby from the uterus

33
Q

Surfactant Protein A

A
  • Produces by fetal lungs
  • Triggers inflammatory response in cervix
  • Softening of the cervix
34
Q

Cortisol (pregnancy)

A
  • Stimulate placenta to release large amounts of estrogen
35
Q

Rising Estrogen are 3 Consequences

A

(1) stimulates myometrial cells of uterus to form abundant oxcytocin receptors
(2) formation of gap junctions between uterine smooth muscles
(3) anatogizes progesterone quieting influence of uterine smooth muscles

36
Q

Baxton Hicks Contractions

A

False labour contractions

37
Q

Chemicals that convert false labour pains into real labour pains

A
  • fetal cells produce oxytocin

- placenta releases prostaglandins

38
Q

Role of Prostaglandins

A
  • Trigger rhythmic expulvise contractions

- Major role in softening and thinning cervix

39
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Positive feedback
40
Q

Featal Fibronectin

A
  • Binds fetal and maternal tissues fo placenta together, turns to lubricant before true labour
41
Q

Antiprostaglandins

A
  • Advil can inhibit early stages of labour such drugs used to prevent preterm birth
42
Q

Lactation

A

production of milk by hormone-prepared mammary glands

43
Q

Factors that increase release of Prolactin Releasing Factors

A 
Rising levels in 
- estrogens
- progesterone 
- human placental lactogen (hPl)
At the end of pregnancy
44
Q

Prolactin

A
  • Secreted by AP glands
45
Q

Colostrum

A
  • Secreted by mammary glands
  • less lactose than milk
  • Little fat
  • Vitamine A
  • IgA
46
Q

Continued milk production requires

A
  • Suckling
  • Mechanical Stimulus
  • Impulses prompt release of oxytocin from PT
  • Oxytocin cause let down reflex – ejection of milk
47
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Stimulates uterus to contract, return to pre pregnant size
48
Q

Prolactin

A
  • High levels stop ovarian cycles
49
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

related to the placenta

A
  • hCG
  • Secreted by trophoblast cells
  • Bypasses hypothalmic-pituitary-ovaria controls at this time
  • prompt CL to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen
  • premotes placental development
  • can be detected in mother blood after 4 month, then decline
50
Q

Human Placental Lactogen (hPl)

related to the placenta

A
  • Structurally similar to GH and prolactin (hCs)
  • Placental begins to secrete hPL during 1st semester
  • Increases until delivery
    (1) prepares for post natal lactation
    (2) supports fetal bone growth
    (3) makes glucose available to fetus
51
Q

Estrogen

related to the placenta

A
  • comes from ovaries
  • converts circulaing androgens to estrogen
    estrogen –> estradiol 17 –> estriol
    (1) maintain uterine endometrium
    (2) breast development
52
Q

Effects of Pregnancy:

GI tract

A
  • Nausea and vomiting (elevated levels of hCG)
53
Q

Effects of Pregnancy:

Urinary Tract

A
  • Kidneys increase in length by 1 -1.5 cm
  • Bladder tone decreases, capacity increases
  • GFR increases 30-50% in first trimester
  • High progesterone promotes renal sodium (a water loss)
  • Increased aldostersone and estrogen promotes promote salt and water retention
  • increased UTI
54
Q

Effects of Pregnancy:

Cervix

A
  • Softening and increased vascularity from 1st trimester
  • increased production of mucus by endocervical glands
  • increased susceptibility to vaginal candidiasis (fungal infections)
  • high estrogen and high glycogen
55
Q

Effects of Pregnancy:

Vagina

A
  • Cervical secretions increases in quantity, decreases pH

- Increased susceptibility to vaginal candidates

56
Q

Effects of Pregnancy:

Uteres

A
  • Enlarges by hypertrophy

- From 50 -1000 g

57
Q

Lower UTI

A

Simple cystitis

58
Q

Upper UTI

A

Kidney Infection

59
Q

Why the infections?

A

High progesterone –> elevates risk of decreased muscle tone –> leads to reflux, where urine flows back

60
Q

Important Vitamines

A
  • Vitamin D (bone development)
  • Folic acid (development of neural rubes)
  • Vitamines K (Blood clotting)
61
Q

Important Minerals

A
  • Iron (fetal RBC production and development)

- Calcium (bone development and density)

62
Q

Stages of Pregnancy

A

Dilatation
Expulsion
Placental

63
Q

Dilation

A

From labour onset to when the cervix is fully dilated

64
Q

Dilation: Contraction

A
  • Weak but regular contractions

- 15 - 30 minutes apart (10 -30 secs)

65
Q

Dilation: Water Broke

A

amniotic fluid is released

66
Q

Dilation: Time

A
  • Longest part of labour

- 6-12 hours

67
Q

Dilation: Engagement

A
  • When baby’ head enter true pelvis
68
Q

Expulsion

A

from dilation to delivery

69
Q

Expulsion: Contractions

A
  • Strong

- Occur every 2-3 min (1 min)

70
Q

Expulsion: Length

A
  • 2 hours
  • 50 minutes first baby
  • 20 minutes later babies
71
Q

Expulsion: Crowning

A

largest dimension of the babies head reaches the vulva

72
Q

Expulsion: Episiotomy

A

Reduce tearing

73
Q

Expulsion: Vertex

A

Head first

74
Q

Expulsion: Breech

A

Feet first

75
Q

Placental Stage

A
  • Delivery of the placenta and its attached fetal membranes (afterbirth)
  • 30 minutes after birth
  • Strong uterine contractions compress uterine blood vessels, limit bleeding, sheds placenta sheds from uterine wall
76
Q

Neuroendocrine

A

Nervous system sends impulse, hormones act on them

77
Q

Neuroendocrine reflex

A
  • Triggered by pressure of baby’s head on cervix
  • Result: each contraction, cervix softens and thins (effaces) and dilates
  • Eventually, amnion ruptures (water breaks)
78
Q

Oxytocin

A

Stimulates uterus to synthesize prostaglandins

  • EFFECT: Prostaglandins initiate labour
  • Swelling of head causes release of more oxytocin
79
Q

Oxytocin levels

A
  • High throughout pregnancy

- Doesn’t initiate pregnancy because of limited receptors and elevated progesterone

ANP 1107 (4 decks)

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