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ANP 1107 > ANP 1107 - Fluid Balance > Flashcards

ANP 1107 - Fluid Balance Flashcards

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1
Q

ICF

A
  • 2/3 of the body’s water

- within the cells (tiny compartments)

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2
Q

ECF

A
  • External environment
    (1) Plasma of blood
    (2) Interstitial cells
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3
Q

Water

A

FOLLOWS SALT

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4
Q

Non-Electrolytes

A
  • Usually have covalent bonds
  • Do not dissociate
  • Usually Organic
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5
Q

Electrolytes

A
  • Dissociate
  • Chemical compounds
  • Conduct an electrical current
  • Inorganic salts, acids and bases
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6
Q

Electrolytes have greater osmotic power because

A

They dissociate into two ions, more ions, more power

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7
Q

Key Electrolytes in ICF

A

K+

PO-3

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8
Q

Key Electrolytes in ECF

A

NA+

Cl-

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9
Q

Water Intake

A
  • Enters body through ingested foods and liquids

- Includes metabolic water

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10
Q

Water Output

A
  • vaporizes out of the lungs
  • feces
  • diffuses through the skin
  • perspiration
  • kidneys, urine (60%)
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11
Q

Dehydration

A
  • RISE in plasma osmolarity

- Leads to release of ADH , kidneys conserve water and externe concentrated urine

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12
Q

Overhydration

A
  • DECLINE is plasma osmolarity
  • Inbits ADH
  • Kidneys release dilute urine
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13
Q

Thirst Mechanism

A

Driving force for water intake

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14
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Detect ECF changes vis changes in membrane stretch

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15
Q

Dry Mouth

A
  • OP increases, salivary glands stop producing saliva

- Water goes to the blood instead

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16
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detects changes in BV or BP, activates the thirst mechanism and angiotensin II

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17
Q

Sodium

A

Acts as a water magnet

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18
Q

Na, significance in OP

A

NaHCO3 and NaCl account for 90-94% of fluid in ECF

- Plasma membrane is impermeable to NA+

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19
Q

Aldosterone

A

When levels are high, Na+ is act. reabsorbed via DCT and CD

- Released by the AC via Angiotensin II

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20
Q

Effects of Aldosterone

A
  • occur slowly
  • increased reabsorption of Na+, increased secretion of K+
  • decrease urinary output and increase BV
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21
Q

ANP

A
  • Reduces BP and BV
  • Inhibits vasoconstriction
  • Triggered by stretch in heart cells
  • Diuretic, slat-excreting effects
  • Inhibits CT to reabsorb Na+
  • Suppresses release of ADH, renin, aldosterone
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22
Q

Cardiovascular Baroreceptors

A
  • Monitors Na+ content

- GFR increase, Na+ and water output

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23
Q

K+

A
  • Required for neuromuscular function and metabolic activities
  • Part of the body’s buffer system
  • Opposite shifts of H+ to maintain cation balance
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24
Q

Too much K+

A
  • Acidosis
  • K+ leaves and H+ enters
  • Decreases membrane potential
  • Causes depolarization
  • Reduced Excitability
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25
Q

Too little K+

A
  • Alkalosis
  • Hyperpolarization
  • Non- responsiveness
  • K+ will enter and H+ will leave
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26
Q

Calcium

A
  • 99% found in bones
  • Bones act as reservoir
  • Calcium phosphate is regulated by PTH
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27
Q

Decline plasma Ca+ levels

A
  • Release of PTH
  • Increases Ca+ levels
    (1) BONES: osteoclasts break down bone matrix, releases Ca++ HPO into blood
    (2) KIDNEYS: increases Ca++ reabsorption in kidneys
    (3) SMALL INTESTINE: increases intestinal absorption of Ca++ by making kidneys to make vitamin D
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28
Q

Most Ca++ is absorbed where

A

passively in the PTC by diffusion

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29
Q

Hypocalcemia

A
  • Increased neuromuscular excitability

- Causes tetany

30
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
  • Inhibits neurons + muscle cells

- May cause life threatening cardiac arrhythmias

31
Q

Phosphate

A
  • 75% filtered in PCT (secondary active transport)
  • Set by transport maximum
  • PTH inhibits active transport by decreasing TM
  • When ECF Ca++ levels are normal, PTH is inhibited, more phosphate retained
32
Q

Normal Arterial pH

A

7.4

33
Q

Normal Venous pH ( and IF)

A

7.35

34
Q

Normal ICF pH

A

7

35
Q

Lower pH means

A

greater amount of of acidic metabolites and CO2

36
Q

Alkalosis

A

When arterial pH is more than 7.45

37
Q

Acidosis

A

When arterial pH is less than 7.35

38
Q

Chemical Buffers

A
  • System of one or more compounds that resists changes in pH when strong acid or base is added
39
Q

Basis of Chemical Buffer

A
  • Binds to H+ when pH drops

- Releases H+ when pH rises

40
Q

Acids

A
  • Proton donors
  • STRONG ACIDS: Dissociate completely, liberating H+ (dramatic change)
  • WEAK ACIDS: Dissociate partially (smaller effect, more important)
41
Q

Bases

A
  • Proton acceptors
  • STONG BASES: dissociate in water and tie up H+
    WEAK BASES: Less likely to accept protons
42
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A
  • Carbonic acid (weak) and sodium bicarbonate (weak base)

- Important in EFC

43
Q

Phosphate Buffer System

A
  • Nearly identical to bicarbonate suffer system
  • Sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphate (weak acid) and mono hydrogen (weak base)
  • Effective in urine and ICF
44
Q

Protein Buffer System

A
  • Proteins in plasma

- Linked to amino acids

45
Q

Most Ca++ is absorbed where

A

passively in the PTC by diffusion

46
Q

Hypocalcemia

A
  • Increased neuromuscular excitability

- Causes tetany

47
Q

Hypercalcemia

A
  • Inhibits neurons + muscle cells

- May cause life threatening cardiac arrhythmias

48
Q

Phosphate

A
  • 75% filtered in PCT (secondary active transport)
  • Set by transport maximum
  • PTH inhibits active transport by decreasing TM
  • When ECF Ca++ levels are normal, PTH is inhibited, more phosphate retained
49
Q

Normal Arterial pH

A

7.4

50
Q

Normal Venous pH ( and IF)

A

7.35

51
Q

Normal ICF pH

A

7

52
Q

Lower pH means

A

greater amount of of acidic metabolites and CO2

53
Q

Alkalosis

A

When arterial pH is more than 7.45

54
Q

Acidosis

A

When arterial pH is less than 7.35

55
Q

Chemical Buffers

A
  • System of one or more compounds that resists changes in pH when strong acid or base is added
56
Q

Basis of Chemical Buffer

A
  • Binds to H+ when pH drops

- Releases H+ when pH rises

57
Q

Acids

A
  • Proton donors
  • STRONG ACIDS: Dissociate completely, liberating H+ (dramatic change)
  • WEAK ACIDS: Dissociate partially (smaller effect, more important)
58
Q

Bases

A
  • Proton acceptors
  • STONG BASES: dissociate in water and tie up H+
    WEAK BASES: Less likely to accept protons
59
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A
  • Carbonic acid (weak) and sodium bicarbonate (weak base)

- Important in EFC

60
Q

Phosphate Buffer System

A
  • Nearly identical to bicarbonate suffer system
  • Sodium salts of dihydrogen phosphate (weak acid) and mono hydrogen (weak base)
  • Effective in urine and ICF
61
Q

Protein Buffer System

A
  • Proteins in plasma
  • Linked to AA have exposed groups of atoms (carboxyl groups)
  • A single protein molecule can function reversibly as acid or base
62
Q

Amphoteric

A
  • A single protein molecule can function reversibly as acid or base
  • Example: Haemoglobin
63
Q

Respiratory Regulation of H+

A
  • Respiratory system eliminates CO2 (acid) from blood, replenishes O2 supply
64
Q

Physiological Buffer System

A
  • Respiratory and renal buffer systems together

- Act slower than CB but have more power

65
Q

Carbon Dioxide Retention

A

Hypoventilation –> acidosis

66
Q

Carbon Dioxide Elimination

A

Hyperventialtion –> alkalosis

67
Q

Ventilation

A
  • Decreases CO2
  • Moves reaction to the left
  • Decreases H+
68
Q

Decreased Ventilation

A
  • Increased CO2
  • Reaction moves to the right
  • Increases H+
69
Q

Renal Mechanisms of acid-base balance

A
  • Kidneys

- Rid the body of acids generated by cellular metabolism (nonvolatile acids)

70
Q

Nonvolatile Acids

A

Phosphoric, uric, lactic, and keytone body

71
Q

Renal Mechanisms of acid-base balance

A
  • Kidneys

- Rid the body of acids generated by cellular metabolism (nonvolatile acids)

72
Q

Nonvolatile Acids

A

Phosphoric, uric, lactic, and keytone body

ANP 1107 (4 decks)

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