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ANP 1107 > ANP 1107 - Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

ANP 1107 - Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Ovarian Ligament

A
  • Anchors ovary medially to the uterus
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2
Q

Suspensory Ligament

A
  • Anchors it laterally to pelvic wall

- Broad ligament

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3
Q

Mesovarium

A
  • Suspends the uterus between

- Broad ligament

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4
Q

Broad Ligaments

A

Peritoneal fold that “tents” over the uterus and supports the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

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5
Q

Ovarian Arteries

A
  • Branches of the abdominal aorta and the ovarian branch of the uterine arteries
  • Blood vessels reach ovaries via suspensory ligaments and mesovaria
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6
Q

Outer Cortex of the Ovaries

A
  • Houses the forming gametes
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7
Q

Inner Medulla of the Ovaries

A
  • Contains large blood vessels and nerves
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8
Q

Ovarian Follicles

A
  • In the outer cortex

- Each one contains an immature egg

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9
Q

Oocyte

A

Immature egg

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10
Q

Fully Mature Vesicular

A
  • Identified by its central fluid-filled cavity (antrum)
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11
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A
  • Tube that the oocyte or egg passes from an ovary towards the uterus
  • Where fertilization occurs
  • 10 cm
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12
Q

Infundibulum

A
  • Open funnel-shaped structure breaking ciliated fingerlike projections
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13
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger like projections that drape over the ovary

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14
Q

What carries the egg

A
  • Smooth muscles peristalsis

- Beating cilia

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15
Q

Tube

A
  • Sheets of smooth muscle

- Thick highly folded mucosa (ciliated and non ciliated)

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16
Q

Microvili

A
  • Produce secretions to keep the egg ( and sperm) warm moist and nourished
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17
Q

Uterus

A
  • Located anterior to the rectum
  • Posterior to the bladder
  • Hollow thick walled muscle organ
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18
Q

Parts of the Uterus

A
  • Fundus (top)
  • Body (middle)
  • Isthmus (middle to bottom)
  • Cervix (Bottom)
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19
Q

Cervical Canal

A
  • Cavity of the cervix

- Communicates with the vagina though external os and the cavity of the uterine body through the internal os

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20
Q

Cervical Mucosa

A
  • Contains canal that contains cervical glands
  • Glands secrete mucous
  • Spots the spread to bacteria and blocks sperm
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21
Q

Uterine Wall: Perimetrium

A
  • incomplete outermost layer

- serous

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22
Q

Uterine Wall: Myometrium

A
  • Muscles of the uterus
  • Middle Layer
  • Smooth muscle
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23
Q

Uterine Wall: Endometrium

A
  • Muscosal linning of the uterine cavity
  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Underlain by thick lamina propria
  • Fertilization occurs here
  • Has two layers: Basalis and Functionalis
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24
Q

Blood Supply to the Uterine Wall

A
  • Uterine ateries –> arcuate arteries ( in the myometrium)

- Radial ateries –> straight and coiled arteries (endometrium)

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25
Q

Vagina

A
  • Thin walled
  • 8 - 10 cm
  • Passage way for baby, period, and penis
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26
Q

Layers of the vagina

A

(1) Outer fibroelastic : adventitia
(2) Smooth muscle : Muscularis
(3) Inner mucosa

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27
Q

Inner Mucosa of the Vagina

A
  • Marked by transverse rugae
  • Withstand friction
  • Dendritic antigen-presenting cells
  • No glands (lubricated by cervical mucosal glands)
  • Acidic
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28
Q

Hymen

A
  • Mucosal layer near vaginal office

- Vascularized

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29
Q

Vaginal Fornix

A
  • Upper end of the vaginal canal, loosley surrounds the cervix
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30
Q

Mon Pubis

A
  • Fatty rounded area
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31
Q

Labia Majora

A
  • Posterior to the pubis
  • Two elongated hair covered fatty skin folds
  • Scrotum
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32
Q

Labia Minora

A
  • Enclosed by the labia Majora
  • Two thin hair free folds
  • Penis
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33
Q

Vestibule

A
  • “Entrance hall”

- Contains external openings

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34
Q

Greater Vestibular Glands

A
  • Pea-sized

- On other side of the vaginal openings

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35
Q

Fourcette

A
  • Extreme posterior end of vestibule, labia minor come together to form the ridge
36
Q

Clitoris

A
  • Anterior to the vestibule
  • Protruding structure of erectile tissue
    Two Parts:
    (1) Glans of Clitoris: exposed portion
    (2) Prepuce of Clitoris: formed by junction of the labia minora, richly innervated
37
Q

Functions of the Ovaries

A

(1) Produce oocytes

(2) Produce reproductive hormones

38
Q

Three Types of Steroid Hormones

A
  • cross the membrane easily
  • Progestins
  • Androgens
  • Estrogens
39
Q

Progestins

A
  • 21 carbons
  • Produced by all major ovarian cell types
  • Product of the Corpus lutem
  • Menstrual cycle pregnancy
40
Q

Androgens

A
  • 19 carbons
  • Precursors for synthesis of estrodial in developing follicle
  • Synthesized by follicular theca cells and corpus luteum
41
Q

Estrogens

A
  • 18 carbons
  • Synthesized by follicular granulosa cells and corpus luteum
  • Essential for stimulation of follicular development, onset of puberty
42
Q

FSH

A

Stimulates ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrodial

43
Q

LH

A

Stimulates testosterone production by theca cells

- Stimulates ovulation, secretion of steroid hormones by corpus luteum

44
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH via GnRH
45
Q

Oogenesis

A
  • Nuclear division of ovaries
46
Q

Oogenesis: Fetal Period

A
  • The oogonia (diploid sperm cell of the ovaries) multiply by mitosis
  • Enter a growth phase and lay in nutrient reserves
  • Gradually transformed into primary oocytes
  • These oocytes begins its first meiotic division and stalls in prophase I
47
Q

Oocyte Numbers Throughout Life

A

Birth: 7 million
Puberty: 250 0000
Age 30: 100 000
Age 50: Less than 5

48
Q

Oocyte Activity around Menstruation

A
  • Once a month one oocyte is selected to undergo meiosis
  • Produces 2 haploid (23 chromosomes)
  • These cells are different sizes
49
Q

Polar Body

A
  • Does not receive organelles
  • Only little cytoplasm
  • Undergoes meiosis II –? 2 smaller polar bodies
50
Q

Second Oocyte

A
  • Stops in metaphase !!

- Ovum is ovulated

51
Q

Ovum Not Penetrated

A
  • Ovum deteriorates
52
Q

Ovum Penetrated

A
  • Oocyte will complete meiosis II

- Yields one large ovum and a tiny polar body

53
Q

Oogenesis: End Result

A
  • Three tiny polar bodies
  • One functional gamete
  • Unequal division: ensures nutrients
54
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • Period of growth
  • 4 main stages
    (1) Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
    (2) Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle
    (3) Secondary follicle becomes a later secondary follicle
    (4) Late secondary becomes becomes vesicular follicle
55
Q

Follicular Phase: Primordial follicle becomes primary follicle

A
  • Primordial follicle is activated
  • Squamous cells surrounding the primary oocyte grow into cuboidal cells
  • Now a PRIMARY FOLLICLE
56
Q

Follicular Phase: Primary follicle becomes secondary follicle

A
  • Follicular cells proliferate
  • Form stratified epithelium around the oocyte
  • More than one layer of cells = SECONDARY FOLLICLE
  • Follicle cells = granola cells
57
Q

Follicular Phase: Secondary follicle becomes a later secondary follicle

A
  • Connective tissue condenses around the follicle, forming THECA FOLLICLE
  • As follicle grows, theca cells make estrogen
  • Oocyte forms the zona pellucida
  • Liquid accumulates between cells, producing the late secondary follicle
58
Q

Follicular Phase: Late secondary becomes becomes vesicular follicle

A
  • Fluid between the granulosa coalesces
  • Forms antrum
  • Antrum makes it a vesicular follicle
  • Antrum expands to isolate the oocyte
  • Forms the corona radiate
  • When follicle is 2.5 cm it bulges
59
Q

Follicle Cells

A
  • Granulosa Cells
  • Connected by gap junctions
  • Ions, metabolites, signally molecules pass through gap junctions
  • Tell the oocyte to grow
  • signal the oocyte not to complete meiosis
60
Q

Bidirectional Conversion

A
  • Occur between the oocyte and granulosa cells
61
Q

Zona Pellucida

A
  • Think transparent extracellular layer made of glycoprotien rich substance secreted by the oocyte
62
Q

Antrum

A
  • Fluid filled cavity
63
Q

Corona Radiate

A
  • Oocyte and surrounding capsule of granulosa
64
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Wall ruptures and expels the vesicular follicle
  • Expelled into the peritoneal cavity
  • One dominant follicle ovulates, triggering LH surge
  • Other follicles undergo apoptosis
65
Q

Luteal Phase: If fertilization does not occur

A
  • Antrum fills with clotted blood (corpus hemorrahagicium)
  • Eventually absorbed
  • Granulosa cells increase in size –> Corpus luteum
  • CL degenerates after 10 days
  • Leaves the corpus albicans
66
Q

Corpus Luteum

A
  • Formed after ovulation

- Secretes estrogen and progesteron

67
Q

Luteal Phase: If fertilization occurs

A
  • CL persists until placenta takes over after three months
68
Q

Establishing the Ovarian Cycle

A
  • During childhood ovaries continuously secrete estrogen
  • Inhibits release of GnRH
  • Puberty: GnRH releases pulse-like
  • AP releases FSH and LH
  • GnRH increase for 4 years
  • Leads to period
69
Q

Hormones:

GnRH

A
  • GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulates production and release of FSH and LH from AP
70
Q

Hormones:

FSH and LH

A
  • Stimulate follicle growth, maturation, estrogen secretion
  • FSH –> effect granulosa cells in late secondary
  • LH –> targets thecal cells
  • Follicles enlarge, thecal cells produce androgens
  • Hormones diffuse through BM
  • G cells convert to estrogen
71
Q

Hormones:

Negative Feedback

A
  • Rising estrogen –> negative feedback on hypo and AP
  • Inhibits FSH and LH
  • Pituitary accumulates gonatropins
  • in overis, estrogen increases effects of FSH on follicle maturation
  • Inhibin is released by granulosa cells
  • neg, fb on FSH
  • Dominant follicule survives
72
Q

Hormones:

LH Surge

A
  • High estrogen sets cascade of events

- Sudden burst of accumulated LH by AP midcycle

73
Q

Hormones:

Ovulation

A
  • Increased LH –> stimulates primary oocyte of dom. fol. to complete meiotic division
  • Secondary oocyte continues to metaphase II
  • LH stimulates ovulation
    (1) increase vascular permeability
    (2) release prostaglandins
    (3) enzymes weaken ovary wall
  • Blood slops flowing through protruding part of the follicle wall
  • Wall thins
  • Estrogen levels will decline
74
Q

Hormones:

Corpus Luteum Forms

A
  • LH surge transforms ruptured follicle into CL
  • Produces progesterone and estrogen immediately
  • Progesteron helps maintain stratum functionalis
75
Q

Hormones:

Negative Feedback Inhibits FSH and LH Release

A
  • caused by rising estrogen in blood
  • Inhibin released by CL enhances inhibitory
  • Declining gonatropin level inhibit the development of new follicles, prevent LH surges (would cause more oocytes)
76
Q

Hormones:

Non Fertile Cycles

A
  • LH blood levels fall
  • Stimulus for luteal activity ends
  • CL degenerates
  • Therefore decline in ovarian hormones and blood estrogen and progesterone level drops
  • decline ends the blockade of FSH and LH, new cycle starts
77
Q

Menstrual Cycle:

Day 1-5 : Menstrual Phase

A
  • Uterus sheds
  • Ovarian hormones at lowest
  • Gonatropins begin to rise
  • Endo detaches from UW
  • Bleeding from day 3-5
  • Day 5, ovarian follicles produce estrogen
78
Q

Menstrual Cycle:

Days 6-14: Proliferative Phase

A
  • Rising estrogen, endo rebuilds
  • Basal generates new functionalis
  • Layer thickens, glands enlarge, spiral arteries increase
  • Estrogen –> progesterone receptors ready
  • Estrogen thins mucous
  • Ovulation –> sudden release of LH from AP
  • LH converts follicle to CL
79
Q

Menstrual Cycle:

Days 15- 28: Secretory Phase (General)

A
  • Constant
  • Endo prepares for implantation of embryo
  • Progesterone forms CL
  • Spiral arteries –> functional layer to secretory mucosa
  • ## Endo glands enlarge, coil and secrete glycogen into uterine cavity
80
Q

Menstrual Cycle:

Days 15- 28: Secretory Phase (Fertilization)

A
  • Nutrients sustain embryo
  • Increasing progesterone and estrogen
  • -> cervical plug
  • -> LH inhibited by AP
81
Q

Menstrual Cycle:

Days 15- 28: Secretory Phase (No Fertilization)

A
  • CP degenerates
  • LH declines
  • Progesteron falls, endo lack support
  • Menstruation occurs
82
Q

Puberty

A
  • FSH and LH elevated at birth, fall, stay until puberty
  • the period of life when reproduction organs grow to adult size and become functional
  • changes due to rising gonadal hormones
83
Q

Puberty: Male

A
  • Androgens rise before testosterone surge
  • Initiates:
  • ->Hair growth
  • ->Enlargement of testes and penis
  • -> Sperm
84
Q

Puberty: Females

A
  • Budding breasts
  • Ages 8-13
  • Hair
85
Q

Menopause

A
  • Estrogen levels decline
  • Lose control of ovulation
  • Periods become irregular
86
Q

Menopause: Effects

A
  • boobs sag
  • Vagina gets dry
  • Vaginal infection increase
  • Depression and irritability
  • Vasodilatation (heat flashes)
  • Thinning skin
  • Weakened bones
  • Cardiovascular

ANP 1107 (4 decks)

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