Annex Flashcards
When heat is added to a liquid fuel and it vaporizes into a gas phase fuel, the temperature of the liquid does not increase because we can add heat to a substance during its phase change and not see any rise in temperature, this is called latent or hidden heat.
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Rapid fire developments are subdivided into the two main categories of phenomena of flashover and smoke ignition.
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A watt is defined as one joule per second, a kilowatt is 1000 watts, and a megawatt is 1,000,000 watts.
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Winds blowing into a closed fire compartment can lead to a high pressure zone in the compartment.
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Under normal wind conditions, a room with only one opening will display a bidirectional air track.
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Smoke seen pulsing out of openings is a result of variations in pressure due to limited oxygen supply and indicates a ventilation-controlled fire.
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It is important for firefighters to cool the smoke and surfaces while undertaking door control before tactical venting operations begin.
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Once finishes have absorbed the heat energy, they will tend to hold it and this will make it difficult to cool the smoke.
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Metal claddings have a low thermal mass and an inability to absorb heat but transfers that heat quickly through conduction to other potential combustibles.
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Combustible linings will produce pyrolysis gases as they are heated to about 572F to 752F and this will contribute to fuel accumulating in the upper region of the fire room or compartment.
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A type 1 structure will have a minimum of a 3-hour fire resistance rating.
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The lack of buoyancy in the smoke may suggest to the observer that the fire intensity is not that great when in fact may be quite severe.
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Steel will elongate and deform when exposed to temperatures of 1000*F.
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Many of the steel structural components in Type IIB are lightweight and will fail early in an event.
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More firefighters have lost their lives in battling residential fires in type III construction than other forms of construction.
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Quick knock down, occupant rescue, and opening void spaces are high priorities in Type III construction.
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Due to environmental concerns and supply challenges within the timber industry, many Type IV structures are using Glulam or laminated lumber in place of heavy timber.
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Another form of construction that may fall under the Type IV construction category is gaining interest is cross laminated lumber.
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By far the majority of fires encountered by the US fire service occur in Type VB construction.
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Single- and two-family structures are prime examples of Type VB.
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When assessing the overall ventilation profile, consideration should be paid to the fact that fire burns in proportion to the oxygen in which it receives, and limiting ventilation prior to the application of water is typically an effective method to impede fire growth.
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Evaluation of the height and turbulence of any existing neutral plane is a critical factor in sizing up an opening.
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As a room progresses to flashover, the level of the neutral plane in the opening will lower, and the turbulence of the inlet flow at the boundary layer will increase.
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Dynamic smoke and fire presentation at an opening, or a puffing or pulsation-type appearance, may indicate wind-impacted conditions.
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2013 U.S. Census data indicates that the average dwelling size is approximately 2600 ft2, and NFPA 1710 utilizes a two-story 2000 ft2 house for initial deployment staffing considerations.
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Organizations incorporating science-based research might benefit from an understanding and use of the diffusion of innovation theory (DOI).
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The DOI theory, developed by F.M. Rogers in 1962, is one of the oldest social science theories.
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The key to adoption is that the person must perceive the idea, behavior, or product as new or innovative. It is through this that diffusion is possible.
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These are people who want to be the first to try the innovation.
Innovators
These are people who represent opinion leaders. Enjoy leadership roles.
Early Adopters
Rarely leaders, but they do adopt new ideas before the average person.
Early Majority
These people are skeptical of change, and will only adopt an innovation after it has by the majority.
Late Majority
Bound by tradition and very conservative.
Laggards.
The degree to which an innovation is seen as better than the idea, program, or product it replaces.
Relative Advantage
How consistent the innovation is with the values, experiences, and needs of the potential adopters.
Compatibility
How difficult the innovation is to understand and or use.
Complexity
The extent to which the innovation can be tested or experimented with before a commitment to adopt is made.
Triability
The extent to which the innovation provides tangible results.
Observability
In public health, the DOI theory is used to accelerate the adoption of important public health programs that typically aim to change the behavior of a social system.
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Risk assessment - An SOP/SOG should contain considerations for applying a risk-based approach to structural firefighting.
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An SOP/SOG should contain considerations for applying a risk-based approach to structural fire-fighting.
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Every year approximately 100 firefighters lose their lives in the line of duty in the US - about one every 80 hours.
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