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Functional Anatomy body parts > Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Ankle and Foot Function

A

When standing
* Weightbearing
* Stability
* Adaptability to surface
* Maintain centre of gravity over
base of support

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2
Q

Ankle and foot function

A

When moving
* Produce force - propulsion
* Absorb force – deceleration
* Adaptability to surface
* Adaptability to direction
* Move centre of gravity as base of support changes

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3
Q

Structure

A

Relatively long lower leg
* Shortened but
more adaptable foot
* 33 joints
* Large extrinsic muscles
for power
* Short intrinsic muscles
for control

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4
Q

Ankle and foot movements

A
  • Dorsiflexion / Plantarflexion
  • Inversion / Eversion
  • Toe Flexion / Extension
  • Toe Abduction / Adduction
    Mostly multi-joint movements
    with muscles acting over
    multiple joints
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5
Q

Talocrural joint

A
  • Synovial hinge joint
  • Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
  • Mortice and tenon
  • 3 articular surfaces
  • Trochlea / medial / lateral
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6
Q

Why not just have one fixed shin
bone?

A

movement of fibula allows greater adaptability whilst keeping stability.

superior tibiofibular joint- synovial plate joint

inferior tibiofibular joint- syndesmosis

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7
Q

Joints of the foot

A

Foot arthrology covered in Nick’s
recorded lecture
* Generally joint name descries
the joint position
* Useful to think of foot in sections
* Hindfoot
* Midfoot
* Forefoot

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8
Q

Foot arthrology

A

title

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9
Q

foot functions

A

base of support
adapt to uneven surfaces
shock absorber
propulsion

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10
Q

arches of the foot

A

part 1

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11
Q

3 arches

A

medial arch
lateral arch
anterior transverse arch

supports plantar vault- supported by 3 arches where the weight is distributed through the 3 points

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12
Q

medial arch

A

highest arch
no contact with the ground
very flexible

made of 5 bones-
calcaneus
talus
navicular
medial cuneiform
metatarsal 1

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13
Q

lateral arch

A

flatter than medial arch
in contact with the ground
more rigid than medial arch

made of 3 bones-
calcaneus
cuboid
metatarsal 5

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14
Q

anterior transverse arch

A

relatively flat
contacts ground

formed by head of 5 metatarsals

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15
Q

arch stabilisation

A

bones form like the curve of a bridge with a keystone in the middle

arches supported by-
shape of bones

short ligaments connecting adjacent bones- staples

long soft tissues spanning length of foot- tie beam

muscles pulling up on an arch- sling

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16
Q

tie beam of medial and lateral arches

A

plantar fascia- strong layer of thick, fibrous tissue that spans length of foot

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17
Q

walking

A

how the foot moves and adapts during walking

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18
Q

process

A

heel strike- weight going through calcaneus
arches are raised

stance phase- vault is flattened- shock absorption
muscles contract to stop further flattening- plantar tightness

heel off- plantar tightness contracts further
foot now a rigid lever- caught between two forces

toe off- as big toe extends plantar fascia tightens reinforcing medial arch- windlass mechanism

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19
Q

movements of the foot

A

foot can move on and off the floor

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20
Q

foot off the floor

A

tri planar movements
inversion-
plantarflexion
adduction
supination

eversion-
dorsiflexion
abduction
pronation

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21
Q

foot on the floor

A

tri planar motion-

weight transfers medially- pronation
weight transfers laterally- supination

eversion- hindfoot and forefoot move in same direction

inversion- hindfoot and forefoot move in opposite directions

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22
Q

supination

A

medial arch rises

forefoot-
adducts
pronates
planatarflexes

hindfoot-
abducts
supinates
dorsiflexes

23
Q

pronation

A

medial arch flattens

forefoot-
abducts
supinates
dorsiflexes

hindfoot
adducts
pronates
plantarflexes

24
Q

summary

A

foot movements primarily occur at-
subtalar joint (hindfoot movement)
midtarsal joint (forefoot movement)

can be likened to movements of a boat

occur in combination to produce
inversion and eversion
pronation and supernation

25
Q

lower leg anterior compartment muscles

A

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
peroneus/ fibularis tertius

26
Q

tibialis anterior

A

Origin: Lateral condyle and proximal half of lateral surface of tibia, adjacent interosseous membrane of leg.

Insertion: Inferomedial aspect of medial cuneiform bone and base of first metatarsal bone.

Action: Dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint; inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints.

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve

27
Q

extensor Digitorum longus

A

Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal three quarters of fibula, and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg.

Insertion: Dorsal aspects of bases of both the middle and distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth, and little toes.

Action: Extends second, third, fourth, and little toes; dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve

28
Q

extensor Hallucis Longus

A

Origin: Medial surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg.

Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe.

Action: Extends great toe; dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve

29
Q

Peroneus / Fibularis tertius

A

Origin: Medial surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg.

Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base and body of fifth metatarsal bone.

Action: Dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint; assists in eversion of foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints.

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1).

30
Q

lower leg posterior compartment muscle

A

Superficial: Gastrocnemius, soleus & plantaris (Triceps surae collectively)

Deep: Popliteus, Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus

31
Q

gastrocnemius

A

Origin: Lateral and medial condyles of femur, lateral supracondylar line, and popliteal surface of femur.

Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon.

Action: Plantarflexes foot at ankle joint; flexes leg at knee joint.

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2).

32
Q

soleus

A

Origin: Head of fibula, posterior surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia.

Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon.

Action: Plantarflexes foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

33
Q

plantaris

A

Origin: Lateral supracondylar line of femur.

Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus.

Action: Assists in plantarflexion of foot at ankle joint; assists in flexion of leg at knee joint.

Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-S2)

34
Q

popliteus

A

Origin: Groove for popliteus muscle.

Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line.

Action: Medially rotates leg at knee joint; “unlocks” knee joint at beginning of knee flexion.

Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4-S1).

35
Q

tibialis posterior

A

Origin: Posterior surface of tibia, inferior to soleal line, posterior surface of fibula, and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg.

Insertion: Tuberosity of navicular bone, plantar aspects of medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones, and plantar aspects of bases of second to fourth metatarsal bones.

Action: Inverts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; plantarflexes foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4-L5).

36
Q

flexor digitorum longus

A

Origin: Posterior surface of tibia, inferior to soleal line.

Insertion: Plantar aspects of bases of the distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth, and little toes

Action: Flexes second, third, fourth, and little toes; plantarflexes foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Tibial nerve (L5-S2).

37
Q

flexor hallucis longus

A

Origin: Distal two thirds of posterior surface of fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane of leg.

Insertion: Plantar aspect of base of distal phalanx of great toe.

Action: Flexes great toe; plantarflexes foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Tibial nerve (L5-S2).

38
Q

lower leg lateral compartment muscles

A

Peroneus / Fibularis Longus
Peroneus / Fibularis Brevis

39
Q

Peroneus / Fibularis Longus

A

Origin: Head and lateral surface of fibula, adjacent intermuscular septa.

Insertion: Plantar surface of medial cuneiform bone and base of first metatarsal bone.

Action: Everts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; assists in plantarflexion of foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S1).

40
Q

Peroneus / Fibularis Brevis

A

Origin: Lateral surface of fibula and adjacent intermuscular septa.

Insertion: Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone.

Action: Everts foot at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints; assists in plantarflexion of foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S1)

41
Q

dorsal intrinsic foot muscles

A

Extensor digitorum brevis,
Extensor hallucis brevis,
Dorsal interossei

42
Q

Extensor digitorum brevis

A

Origin: Dorsolateral aspect of calcaneus, inferior extensor retinaculum of foot, and talocalcaneal interosseous ligament.

Insertion: Extensor expansions of second to fourth toes.

Action: Extends second to fourth toes.

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1).

43
Q

Extensor hallucis brevis,

A

Origin: Dorsolateral aspect of calcaneus, inferior extensor retinaculum of foot, and talocalcaneal interosseous ligament.

Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe.

Action: Extends great toe.

Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1)

44
Q

Dorsal interossei

A

second dorsal

Origin: Lateral aspect of body of second metatarsal bone and medial aspect of body of third metatarsal bone.

Insertion: Lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of second toe and extensor expansion of second toe.

Action: Laterally abducts second toe at its metatarsophalangeal joint; simultaneously flexes metatarsophalangeal joint and extends interphalangeal joints of second toe.

Innervation: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3).

45
Q

plantar intrinsic foot muscles

A

First layer: Abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi
Second layer: Quadratus plantae, lumbricals
Third layer: Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, Flexor digitorum minimi
Fourth layer: Plantar interossei

46
Q

abductor hallucis

A

Origin: Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, flexor retinaculum of foot, and plantar aponeurosis.

Insertion: Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe.

Action: Abducts great toe at its metatarsophalangeal joint.

Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S1-S3)

47
Q

flexor digtorum brevis

A

Origin: Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis.

Insertion: Plantar aspects of bodies of middle phalanges of the second, third, fourth and little toes.

Action: Flexes second, third, fourth, and little toes.

Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S1-S3).

48
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A

Origin: Medial and lateral processes of calcaneal tuberosity and plantar aponeurosis.

Insertion: Lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little toe.

Action: Abducts and flexes little toe at its metatarsophalangeal joint.

Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)

49
Q

quadratus plantae

A

Origin: Medial and lateral aspects of plantar surface of calcaneus.

Insertion: Tendon of flexor digitorum longus muscle.

Action: Assists in flexion of second, third, fourth, and little toes.

Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S1-S3).

50
Q

lumbricals

A

first-
Origin: Tendon of flexor digitorum longus that travels to the second toe.

Insertion: Medial aspect of extensor expansion of second toe.

Action: Simultaneously flexes metatarsophalangeal joint and extends interphalangeal joints of second toe.

Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S2-S3).

51
Q

flexor hallucis brevis

A

Origin: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones; tendon of tibialis posterior.

Insertion: Medial and lateral aspects of base of proximal phalanx of great toe.

Action: Flexes great toe.

Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S1-S3).

52
Q

adductor hallucis

A

Origin: Plantar aspects of bases of second to fourth metatarsal bones, tendon of fibularis longus muscle, plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints, and deep transverse metatarsal ligament.

Insertion: Lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of great toe.

Action: Adducts great toe at its metatarsophalangeal joint.

Innervation: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3)

53
Q

flexor digitorum minimi

A

Origin: Posterior surface of tibia, inferior to soleal line.

Insertion: Plantar aspects of bases of the distal phalanges of the second, third, fourth, and little toes

Action: Flexes second, third, fourth, and little toes; plantarflexes foot at ankle joint.

Innervation: Tibial nerve (L5-S2).

54
Q

plantar interossei

A

first

Origin: Medial aspects of base and body of third metatarsal bone.

Insertion: Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of third toe and extensor expansion of third toe.

Action: Adducts third toe at its metatarsophalangeal joint; simultaneously flexes metatarsophalangeal joint and extends interphalangeal joints of third toe.

Innervation: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2-S3).

Functional Anatomy body parts (7 decks)

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