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AET: Injury Prevention > Ankle and Foot > Flashcards

Ankle and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones and joints make up the ankle and foot?

A

26 bones, 34 joints.

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2
Q

What is the function of the ankle and foot?

A

it is a mobile adaptor and rigid lever.

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3
Q

What bones make up the anatomy of the foot and ankle?

A

Tibia, fibula, calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms, metatarsals, and phalanges.

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4
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the tibia?

A

medial malleolus and fibular notch.

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5
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the fibula?

A

lateral malleolus and malleolar fossa.

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6
Q

Where is the talus located?

A

Base of the tibia, can be palpated during dorsiflexion. It has no muscular attachments.

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7
Q

What are bony landmarks of the calcaneus?

A

tuberosity and sustentaculum tali.

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8
Q

What ligaments make up the lateral collateral ligament?

A

posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, anterior talofibular ligament.

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9
Q

What are the medial talocrural ligaments that make up the deltoid ligament?

A

posterior tibiotalar portion, tibiocalcaneal portion, anterior tibiotalar portion, and tibionavicular portion.

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10
Q

What muscles aid in dorsiflexion?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus(EDL), extensor hallucis longus, peroneus tertius

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11
Q

What muscles aid in plantarflexion?

A

Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, peroneus brevis/longus, and plantaris.

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12
Q

What muscles aid in inversion?

A

Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus.

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13
Q

What muscles contribute to eversion?

A

Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, peroneus tertius, extensor digitorum longus.

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14
Q

What kind of joint is the ankle?

A

hinge

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15
Q

When is the ankle most stable?

A

dorsiflexion

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16
Q

What are the degrees of motion for the ankle in dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?

A

10 degrees dorsiflexion to 50 degrees plantar flexion.

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17
Q

What are functional tests for ankle injuries?

A

walk on toes, heels, lateral and medial borders of the feet, hop on injured ankle.

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18
Q

What are inversion sprains?

A

most common and injures lateral ligaments. The anterior talofibular ligament is injured from inversion/plantar flexion/ internal rotation. Severity of sprain classified according to grade.

19
Q

What are the Ottawa ankle rules for? What are the criteria?

A

Used to determine if x-rays are needed.

  • pain in malleolar or midfoot
  • tenderness over inferior or posterior pole of either malleoli
  • inability to bear weight
  • tenderness along base of 5th metatarsal.
20
Q

What is a grade 1 ligament sprain etiology, sign/symptom, and management?

A

occurs with inversion/plantar flexion stretching the anterior talofibular ligament.
mild pain/disability, weight bearing minimally impaired.
RICE 1-2 days; tape, return to activity 7-10 days.

21
Q

What is a grade 2 ligament sprain? etiology, signs and symptoms, and management?

A

moderate inversion force causing disability and many days of lost time.
feel/hear pop/snap; moderate pain w difficulty weight bearing.
RICE for 72 hrs, x-rays to rule out fracture, crutches 5-10days; protective immobilization required but begin ROM exercises early; taping provides support.

22
Q

What is a grade 3 ligament sprain etiology, sign/symptoms, and management?

A

uncommon but disabling, significant force resulting in subluxation/reduction. Damages anterior/posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments.
severe pain/swelling, hemarthrosis, discoloration. No weight bearing.
-RICE, x-rays, splint 3-6 weeks, crutches after cast removal. Isometric exercise in cast, ROM, PRE, balance exercises out of cast.
Potential surgery to stabilize ankle.

23
Q

What are eversion sprains?

A

5-10% ankle sprains.

eversion force results in damage to deltoid ligament and potential fracture to fibula.

24
Q

Etiology, signs and symptoms and management of eversion sprains:

A

pronated, hypermobile or depressed medial longitudinal arch.
severe pain/unable to weight bear.
RICE; x-ray, NSAIDs, same course of treatment as inversion.
Grade 2 or higher may result in excessive pronation or fallen arch.

25
Q

What are syndesmotic sprains?

A

damage to anterior/posterior TIBIOFIBULAR ligament, injured with medial/lateral ligaments occurring in dorsiflexion.

26
Q

Etiology, signs and symptoms, and management of syndesmotic sprains:

A

excessive/forced dorsiflexion, external rotation of leg or combination of both.
can be benign/assume ankle sprain, pain/tenderness over anterior syndesmosis, pain in dorsiflexion & eversion, joint weakness and inability to bear weight.
Difficult to heal, may take months of treatment. Surgery may be required.

27
Q

What are the 3 rearfoot joints?

A
  1. tibiofibular
  2. talocrural
  3. subtalar
28
Q

what is the purpose of the midfoot joints and how many are there?

A

allow for greater movement and adaption into many positions; made up of 6 separate joints.

29
Q

What are the six midfoot joints?

A

1.transverse tarsal joint(chopart’s)
2. plantar calcaneonavicular (spring ligament)
3.dorsal talonavicular ligament
4. bifucated ligament
5/6. long/short plantar ligaments.

30
Q

How many forefoot joints are there and what are their names?

A
  1. lisfranc’s joint
  2. intermetatarsals joints
  3. metatarsophalangeal joints
  4. interphalangeal joints.
31
Q

How many arches of the foot are there? What are they called?

A
  1. medial longitudinal arch
  2. lateral longitudinal arch
  3. transverse arch.
32
Q

What is pes planus foot? What is the etiology, signs/symptoms and management?

A

known as flatfoot.
-excessive pronation and forefoot varus
-wearing tight shoes that weaken supportive structures
-being overweight
-excessive exercise.
pain, weakness, fatigue in medial longitudinal arch, calcaneal eversion, bulging navicular, flattening of medial longitudinal arch, increases stress of muscles that control pronation.
no pain requires no correction. if there is pain, use orthotics and taping.

33
Q

What is pes cavus? Etiology, signs and symptoms and management:

A

High arch foot.
higher than normal arch, associated with excessive supination.
rigid foot, poor shock absorber.
associated with forefoot valgus, shortening achilles and plantar fascia.
asymptomatic needs no correction.
orthotics if problem occurs, stretching of achilles and plantar fascia.

34
Q

What is plantar fasciitis?

A

term used for pain in proximal arch and heel. common in athletes/non-athletes.
attributed to heel spurs, plantar fascia irritation and bursitis.

35
Q

What is the etiology, signs and symptoms and management for plantar fasciitis?

A

increased tension/stress on fascia, change from rigid support to flexible footwear. poor running techniques, leg length discrepancy/excessive pronation/inflexible longitudinal arch, tight gastroc-soleus complex.
pain in anterior medial heel, along medial longitudinal arch.
increased pain am, forefoot dorsiflexion.
orthotic therapy, simple arch taping, stretching, massage.

36
Q

What is a subungual hematoma?

A

occurs when direct pressure occurs on toe.
accumulation of blood underneath toenail, often causes nail loss.
RICE, relieve pressure within 12-24 hrs.

37
Q

What is required for athlete to return to activity after assessment?

A

full ROM, 90% strength and minimal pain.

38
Q

What should you determine when making sideline assessment decisions?

A

how serious injury is, what type of first aid is required, is there a need for immediate referral, will there be a type of transportation required to training room or hospital.

39
Q

What does HOPS stand for?

A

History
Observation
Palpation
Special tests

40
Q

What should consider when asking about history?

A

events of injury and those leading up to it
is there previous injuries to site, what treatments were used
were there any sounds/sensations
what kind of pain is it

41
Q

What kind of observations are you looking for?

A

deformity, swelling, skin discoloration. make sure to compare injured to non-injured side.

42
Q

What are the special tests for?

A

assessing injured tissue, checking integrity of joint

43
Q

What are the special tests for the foot and ankle?

A

tap test, compressions, ottawa ankle rule.

AET: Injury Prevention (11 decks)

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