Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Pt 3

Question 1

What 4 factors affect the likelihood of contracting a non-communicable disease

Answer 1

1) age
2) genetic makeup
3) lifestyle aspects
4) environmental factors i.e ionising radiation

Question 2

What is the CORRELATION between smoking and ling cancer

Answer 2

The more cigarettes a person smokes, the higher the chance of them developing lung cancer

Question 3

What is a causal mechanism

Answer 3

The explanation of how one factor influences another through a biological process

Question 4

what is the difference between a correlation and a causal mechanism

Answer 4

Causation explicitly implies that action A causes outcome B whereas a correlation is simply a relationship

Question 5

What is a tumour

Answer 5

A mass of abnormally growing cells caused by a mutation

Question 6

What is he difference between a benign and a malignant tumour

Answer 6

Benign: grows in one place (doesn’t invade other tissues)
Malignant: can spread to healthy tissue (is a cancer)

Question 7

Give 4 causes of cancer

Answer 7

1) genetic factors
2) mutations in genes caused by carcinogens (like in tobacco)
3) ionising radiation
4) virus infections

Question 8

Which cancers do the following processes cause:
A) genetic factors
B) mutations from carcinogens
C) UV lights
D) HPV (viral infection)

Answer 8

A) breast cancers
B) lung cancer
C) skin cancers
D) cervical cancers

Question 9

Name the 3 main components of tobacco smoke that cause health problems

Answer 9

1) nicotine
2) carbon monoxide
3) tar

Question 10

Give an advantage and a disadvantage of using medicines to treat cardiovascular disease

Answer 10

Adv:
Reduce risk of heart attack —> increase in good cholesterol + decrease in bad

Dis:
Patients will likely have to take for the rest of their lives
or
Sometimes heart damage too much for medicine (eg liver disease)

Question 11

What occurs in coronary heart disease and what does this mean

Answer 11

1) Layers of fatty material build up inside coronary arteries which narrows them
2) Reduces blood flow so reduced oxygen for heart muscle

Question 12

Give one of four interactions that can occur between diseases

Answer 12

Any 1 of:
. Defects in system —> more likely to suffer infectious disease
. Viruses in cells can trigger cancers
. Immune reactions to pathogens can trigger allergies
. Ill physical health can lead to mental illnesses

Question 13

Give 2 risk factors linked to an increased disease rate

Answer 13

1) lifestyle aspects

2) substances in a person’s body/ environment

Question 14

Give a causal mechanism that has been proven with regards to:
A) obesity
B) alcohol
C) Carcinogens (ionising radiation)

Answer 14

A) risk of type 2 diabetes
B) effect on liver and brain function
C) risk factors in cancer

Question 15

What is the disease, risk factor and effect in:
. Scar tissue formed
. Alcohol
. Liver cirrhosis

Answer 15

.Disease: Liver cirrhosis
.Risk factor: Alcohol
.Effect: Scar tissue formed

Question 16

Give the four ways in which cancers can be scanned for

Answer 16

1) X-ray
2) Urine test
3) Blood test
4) Monoclonal antibodies

Question 17

Name the 3 main treatments for cancer

Answer 17

Chemotherapy: chemicals to kill cancerous cells
Radiotherapy: x-rays to kill cancerous cells
Palliative: dying as comfortably as possible