Animal Systems Flashcards
Process of controlling which solutes are dissolved in blood
Osmoregulation
Insects use these tubules to remove wastes from hemolymph
Malpighian tubules
These lack a color (internal body cavity) and have unicellular excretory organs called flame cells (clusters of cilia that look like flames)
Flat worms
Bundles of flame cells that filter bodily fluids and removes wastes
Protonephridia
These use nephritis to remove wastes from interstitial fluid
Annelids (earthworms)
These use kidneys that filter blood of waste products
Birds and reptiles
Universal animal waste product generated from breakdown of amino acids
Nitrogenous waste
3 chemical forms of nitrogenous waste
Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid
Highly toxic nitrogenous waste
Released by fishes
Ammonia
Much less toxic than ammonia and can be held in bodily fluids for longer without causing cell damage
Middle of the road option for energy output and water conservation
Urea
Produced by insects reptiles and birds and all organisms that have limited water content and cannot circulate their wastes in blood
Uric acid
Lives in hypotonic environment and produces large volumes of dilute urine
Freshwater bony fishes
Lives in hypertonic environment
Release small volumes of concentrated urine to conserve water
Marine bony fishes
Exchange occurs directly across surface membranes
Only used by small organisms
Ex. Flatworms
Direct diffusion
Used by earthworms and amphibians
Important to keep membranes moist
Skin
Used by fish and other aquatic animals
Gills are specialized for gas exchange with water
Gills
Consists of a network of small tubes that carries oxygen to the entire body
Many insects have this type of respiratory strategy.
Tracheal systems
Large pores in insect abdomen
Spiracles
Ventilation happens due to contraction or relaxation of diaphragm which draws air in and out of lungs
Mammalian system
Similar to mammalian system only with air sacs that store and direct air flow through respiratory system.
Birds
Warms moistens and filters air
Nasal cavity
Common passageway for food and air
Pharynx
Larynx
Voice box
Brings area into thoracic cavity, c shaped cartilage rings
Trachea
One for each lung
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
One for each lobe of lung (2 for left lung and 3 for right lung)
Last bronchial branch leading into smaller branches
Tertiary bronchi
Small branches that have smooth muscle, cartilage has been replaced with elastic tissue
Bronchioles
Lead into air sacs
Alveolar ducts
Air sacs
Alveoli
Trace a particle of air through human respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
Types of respiration
Ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration
Exchange between lungs and outside air
Ventilation
Exchange between lungs and blood
External respiration
Exchange between blood and body tissue cells
Internal respiration
Cells use O2 to covert glucose into ATP and produce CO2 as a waste product
Cellular respiration
Pressure of a gas and the volume of the gas are inversely proportionate to one another
(volume increases = pressure decreases)
Boyles Law
Air moves from higher pressure (inside lungs) to lower pressure (outside lungs)
Expiration
Many small microscopic units that can change what is in blood (about 1 million found in kidneys)
Nephrons
Occurs when water and salutes move from glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.
Proteins and blood cells are too large to be filtered
Water and solutes pass through
Filtration
Occurs when substances move from the renal tubule back into the capillaries surrounding the renal tube
Reabsorption
Occurs when wastes and excess ions move from capillaries directly into the renal tubule. Also used to remove foreign items like drug metabolites
Secretion
Ball of capillaries under high pressure where blood filtration occurs
Glomerulus
Receives the filtrate (all substances removed by filtration)
Glomerular capsule
Where most reabsorption happens, especially of important nutrients like glucose
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Dips into the medulla of the kidney where there is high salt concentration
Loop of Henle
Aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitual fluid
Water reabsorption occurs by osmosis
Descending loop
Thicker tissue prevents osmosis, but some active transport of sodium and chloride ions can occur.
Ascending loop
Selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood PH and electrolyte balance
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate
Collecting duct
Loop of Henle order
- Glomerulus
- Proximal convoluted tubule PCT
- Descending loop of Henle
- Ascending loop of Henle
- Distal tubule
- Collecting duct
If your blood PH is lower than 7.4 there are?
Too many hydrogen ions!
Kidney responds by:
secreting hydrogen ions
Reabsorbing bicarbonate ions
If blood PH is greater than 7.4 there are?
Not enough hydrogen ions!
The kidney responds by:
Stopping secretion of hydrogen ions
Stopping reabsorption of bicarbonate ions
Route of Urine
- Nephron
- Collecting duct
- Major and minor calyces
- Renal pelvis
- Ureter
- Urinary bladder- stores urine
- Urethra
Lacks a true nervous system
Cnidarians
Lacks a true brain
Cnidarians
Nerve cells bundled into fibers
Echinoderms
Central nervous system (CNS) made of small brain (central ganglion) and two nerve cords
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves extending throughout body
Flatworms
Brain (central ganglion)
Ventral nerve cord
Insects
Central nervous system composed of the brain and dorsal spinal cord
Human nervous system
Conduct electrical impulses
(Action potentials)
Neurons
Assists neurons but does not conduct action potentials
Neuroglia
Send messages to the central nervous system
(Goes towards)
Afferent (sensory) neurons
Send messages out to specific body tissues to initiate physiological changes
(Goes away)
Efferent (motor) neurons
Fight or Flight
Increases heart rate
Promotes the E’s:
Exercise, excitement, emergency
Nerves are thoracolumbar
Symphatic Division
Housekeeper
Decreases heart rate
Promotes the D’s:
Digestion, diuresis, defecation
Nerves are craniosacral
Parasympathetic Division
Portions of the cell that receive stimuli
Dendrites
Contains many of the cells organelles including the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum
Cell body
Portion of the cell that generates long distance electrical impulses
Axon
Specialized endings with synaptic bulbs that house neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)
Axon terminals
Picture of the parts of the Neuron
Cell body
Cell membrane
Dendrite
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Oligodendrocyte
Myelin sheath
Synapse
Memory problem solving some motor activities
Frontal lobe
Processes sense of touch
Parietal lobe
Hearing
Temporal lobe
Visual information
Occipital lobe
Brain stem contains?
Medulla oblongata (vital center cardiovascular and respiratory)
Pons (respiratory center, head movements associated with visual and auditory stimuli)
Midbrain (relay station between brain and spinal cord)
Neuron resting membrane potential
-70 mV
Resting membrane potential is maintained by?
Na+ / K+ pump
(Form of active transport)
Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
Cerebellum
Relay station for sensory info
Thalamus
Regulates body temp, thirst, hunger
Signals release of hormones from pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Includes pineal gland which release melatonin
(controls circadian rhythm)
Epithalamus
Found in soft bodied animals such as sea anemones, earthworms, cnidaria and other invertebrates
Hydrostatic skeleton
External skeleton that consists of a hard encasement. Found in arthropods (crustaceans and insects)
Exoskeleton
Polysaccharide component of exoskeleton. Strong yet flexible
Chitin
Hard mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms. Found in mammals reptiles birds fish and amphibians
Endoskeleton
Skull, vertebral column, ribcage, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone
Axial
Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
Appendicular
Process of deposition of mineral salts which hardens tissues
Calcification
Process where minerals (calcium) is taken from bone and placed in bloodstream and distributed to other tissues
Resorption
Fibrous connective tissue brings bones together
Fibrous
Cartilage holds bones together
Cartilaginous
Any joint that moves has a synovial membrane with synovial fluid
Synovial
Bone growth and calcification
OsteoBLASTS
Maintenance of bone tissue
Osteocytes
Bone resorption
OsteoCLASTS
Process of making bone
Ossification
Immovable (suture)
Synaethosis
Slightly movable (symphysis)
Amphiarthrosis
Freely movable
Diarthrosis
Collects information (reflex arc)
Receptor
Carries information from receptor to central nervous system
Sensory neuron
Interneurons integrate information within central nervous system
Integration
Carries information from central nervous system to effector
Motor neuron
Muscle
Effector
