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Study Abroad Bio 2 > Animal Systems > Flashcards

Animal Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Process of controlling which solutes are dissolved in blood

A

Osmoregulation

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2
Q

Insects use these tubules to remove wastes from hemolymph

A

Malpighian tubules

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3
Q

These lack a color (internal body cavity) and have unicellular excretory organs called flame cells (clusters of cilia that look like flames)

A

Flat worms

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4
Q

Bundles of flame cells that filter bodily fluids and removes wastes

A

Protonephridia

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5
Q

These use nephritis to remove wastes from interstitial fluid

A

Annelids (earthworms)

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6
Q

These use kidneys that filter blood of waste products

A

Birds and reptiles

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7
Q

Universal animal waste product generated from breakdown of amino acids

A

Nitrogenous waste

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8
Q

3 chemical forms of nitrogenous waste

A

Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid

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9
Q

Highly toxic nitrogenous waste
Released by fishes

A

Ammonia

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10
Q

Much less toxic than ammonia and can be held in bodily fluids for longer without causing cell damage
Middle of the road option for energy output and water conservation

A

Urea

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11
Q

Produced by insects reptiles and birds and all organisms that have limited water content and cannot circulate their wastes in blood

A

Uric acid

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12
Q

Lives in hypotonic environment and produces large volumes of dilute urine

A

Freshwater bony fishes

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13
Q

Lives in hypertonic environment
Release small volumes of concentrated urine to conserve water

A

Marine bony fishes

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14
Q

Exchange occurs directly across surface membranes
Only used by small organisms
Ex. Flatworms

A

Direct diffusion

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15
Q

Used by earthworms and amphibians
Important to keep membranes moist

A

Skin

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16
Q

Used by fish and other aquatic animals
Gills are specialized for gas exchange with water

A

Gills

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17
Q

Consists of a network of small tubes that carries oxygen to the entire body
Many insects have this type of respiratory strategy.

A

Tracheal systems

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18
Q

Large pores in insect abdomen

A

Spiracles

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19
Q

Ventilation happens due to contraction or relaxation of diaphragm which draws air in and out of lungs

A

Mammalian system

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20
Q

Similar to mammalian system only with air sacs that store and direct air flow through respiratory system.

A

Birds

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21
Q

Warms moistens and filters air

A

Nasal cavity

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22
Q

Common passageway for food and air

A

Pharynx

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23
Q

Larynx

A

Voice box

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24
Q

Brings area into thoracic cavity, c shaped cartilage rings

A

Trachea

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25
Q

One for each lung

A

Primary bronchi

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26
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

One for each lobe of lung (2 for left lung and 3 for right lung)

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27
Q

Last bronchial branch leading into smaller branches

A

Tertiary bronchi

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28
Q

Small branches that have smooth muscle, cartilage has been replaced with elastic tissue

A

Bronchioles

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29
Q

Lead into air sacs

A

Alveolar ducts

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30
Q

Air sacs

A

Alveoli

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31
Q

Trace a particle of air through human respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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32
Q

Types of respiration

A

Ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
Cellular respiration

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33
Q

Exchange between lungs and outside air

A

Ventilation

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34
Q

Exchange between lungs and blood

A

External respiration

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35
Q

Exchange between blood and body tissue cells

A

Internal respiration

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36
Q

Cells use O2 to covert glucose into ATP and produce CO2 as a waste product

A

Cellular respiration

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37
Q

Pressure of a gas and the volume of the gas are inversely proportionate to one another
(volume increases = pressure decreases)

A

Boyles Law

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38
Q

Air moves from higher pressure (inside lungs) to lower pressure (outside lungs)

A

Expiration

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39
Q

Many small microscopic units that can change what is in blood (about 1 million found in kidneys)

A

Nephrons

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40
Q

Occurs when water and salutes move from glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.
Proteins and blood cells are too large to be filtered
Water and solutes pass through

A

Filtration

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41
Q

Occurs when substances move from the renal tubule back into the capillaries surrounding the renal tube

A

Reabsorption

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42
Q

Occurs when wastes and excess ions move from capillaries directly into the renal tubule. Also used to remove foreign items like drug metabolites

A

Secretion

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43
Q

Ball of capillaries under high pressure where blood filtration occurs

A

Glomerulus

44
Q

Receives the filtrate (all substances removed by filtration)

A

Glomerular capsule

45
Q

Where most reabsorption happens, especially of important nutrients like glucose

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

46
Q

Dips into the medulla of the kidney where there is high salt concentration

A

Loop of Henle

47
Q

Aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitual fluid
Water reabsorption occurs by osmosis

A

Descending loop

48
Q

Thicker tissue prevents osmosis, but some active transport of sodium and chloride ions can occur.

A

Ascending loop

49
Q

Selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood PH and electrolyte balance

A

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

50
Q

Reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate

A

Collecting duct

51
Q

Loop of Henle order

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule PCT
  3. Descending loop of Henle
  4. Ascending loop of Henle
  5. Distal tubule
  6. Collecting duct
52
Q

If your blood PH is lower than 7.4 there are?

A

Too many hydrogen ions!
Kidney responds by:
secreting hydrogen ions
Reabsorbing bicarbonate ions

53
Q

If blood PH is greater than 7.4 there are?

A

Not enough hydrogen ions!
The kidney responds by:
Stopping secretion of hydrogen ions
Stopping reabsorption of bicarbonate ions

54
Q

Route of Urine

A
  1. Nephron
  2. Collecting duct
  3. Major and minor calyces
  4. Renal pelvis
  5. Ureter
  6. Urinary bladder- stores urine
  7. Urethra
55
Q

Lacks a true nervous system

A

Cnidarians

56
Q

Lacks a true brain

A

Cnidarians

57
Q

Nerve cells bundled into fibers

A

Echinoderms

58
Q

Central nervous system (CNS) made of small brain (central ganglion) and two nerve cords

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves extending throughout body

A

Flatworms

59
Q

Brain (central ganglion)
Ventral nerve cord

A

Insects

60
Q

Central nervous system composed of the brain and dorsal spinal cord

A

Human nervous system

61
Q

Conduct electrical impulses
(Action potentials)

A

Neurons

62
Q

Assists neurons but does not conduct action potentials

A

Neuroglia

63
Q

Send messages to the central nervous system
(Goes towards)

A

Afferent (sensory) neurons

64
Q

Send messages out to specific body tissues to initiate physiological changes
(Goes away)

A

Efferent (motor) neurons

65
Q

Fight or Flight
Increases heart rate
Promotes the E’s:
Exercise, excitement, emergency
Nerves are thoracolumbar

A

Symphatic Division

66
Q

Housekeeper
Decreases heart rate
Promotes the D’s:
Digestion, diuresis, defecation
Nerves are craniosacral

A

Parasympathetic Division

67
Q

Portions of the cell that receive stimuli

A

Dendrites

68
Q

Contains many of the cells organelles including the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cell body

69
Q

Portion of the cell that generates long distance electrical impulses

A

Axon

70
Q

Specialized endings with synaptic bulbs that house neurotransmitters (chemical messengers)

A

Axon terminals

71
Q

Picture of the parts of the Neuron

A

Cell body
Cell membrane
Dendrite
Axon
Node of Ranvier
Oligodendrocyte
Myelin sheath
Synapse

72
Q

Memory problem solving some motor activities

A

Frontal lobe

73
Q

Processes sense of touch

A

Parietal lobe

74
Q

Hearing

A

Temporal lobe

75
Q

Visual information

A

Occipital lobe

76
Q

Brain stem contains?

A

Medulla oblongata (vital center cardiovascular and respiratory)

Pons (respiratory center, head movements associated with visual and auditory stimuli)

Midbrain (relay station between brain and spinal cord)

77
Q

Neuron resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

78
Q

Resting membrane potential is maintained by?

A

Na+ / K+ pump
(Form of active transport)

79
Q

Coordinates skeletal muscle activity

A

Cerebellum

80
Q

Relay station for sensory info

A

Thalamus

81
Q

Regulates body temp, thirst, hunger
Signals release of hormones from pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

82
Q

Includes pineal gland which release melatonin
(controls circadian rhythm)

A

Epithalamus

83
Q

Found in soft bodied animals such as sea anemones, earthworms, cnidaria and other invertebrates

A

Hydrostatic skeleton

84
Q

External skeleton that consists of a hard encasement. Found in arthropods (crustaceans and insects)

A

Exoskeleton

85
Q

Polysaccharide component of exoskeleton. Strong yet flexible

A

Chitin

86
Q

Hard mineralized structures located within the soft tissue of organisms. Found in mammals reptiles birds fish and amphibians

A

Endoskeleton

87
Q

Skull, vertebral column, ribcage, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone

A

Axial

88
Q

Upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

A

Appendicular

89
Q

Process of deposition of mineral salts which hardens tissues

A

Calcification

90
Q

Process where minerals (calcium) is taken from bone and placed in bloodstream and distributed to other tissues

A

Resorption

91
Q

Fibrous connective tissue brings bones together

A

Fibrous

92
Q

Cartilage holds bones together

A

Cartilaginous

93
Q

Any joint that moves has a synovial membrane with synovial fluid

A

Synovial

94
Q

Bone growth and calcification

A

OsteoBLASTS

95
Q

Maintenance of bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

96
Q

Bone resorption

A

OsteoCLASTS

97
Q

Process of making bone

A

Ossification

98
Q

Immovable (suture)

A

Synaethosis

99
Q

Slightly movable (symphysis)

A

Amphiarthrosis

100
Q

Freely movable

A

Diarthrosis

101
Q

Collects information (reflex arc)

A

Receptor

102
Q

Carries information from receptor to central nervous system

A

Sensory neuron

103
Q

Interneurons integrate information within central nervous system

A

Integration

104
Q

Carries information from central nervous system to effector

A

Motor neuron

105
Q

Muscle

A

Effector

Study Abroad Bio 2 (5 decks)

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