Animal Science Quiz 3 Flashcards
gross annnual income from sheep
460 M
consumption of sheep
> 1lb per capita
major utah counties for sheep
sanpete, box elder, iron, morgan, wasatch, cache
primary use of goats
fiber, milk, meat, pet
what do sheep and goats produce
meat, wool, mohair, milk, cheese
what is the most important aspect of pasture management
stocking rate
1000lb cow+ calf = ?sheep
5 sheep
1 cow+ calf = ?goats
6.7 goats
selection preferences of cattle and horses
grasses > forbs > browse
selection preferences of sheep
forbs > grasses > browse
selection preferences of goats
browse > forbs > grasses
minimal overlap in selection purposes allows multi-species grazing
can support 2-3 species, multiple income sources without an increase of land, grazing pressure isn’t increased
fencing?
significant barrier
predators?
predator control is imperative
guard animals
dogs, donkeys, llamas
maternal sheep - purpose
adaptable, hardy, above average fleece
terminal sheep- purpose
fast growth, heavy muscling, carcass quality
dual-purpose sheep- purpose
balance between terminal and maternal
dairy sheep- purpose
milk quantity and quality
wool types in sheep
fine, medium, long, coarse/carpet, hair
fine wool sheep breeds
merino, booroola merino
debouillet, coromo, delaine merino
medium wool sheep composite breeds in US
corriedale, columbia, polypay, targhee
medium wool meat sheep breeds US
suffolk, hampshire, texel, southdown, shropshire
medium wool dual prupose sheep
horned dorset, poll dorset
medium wool super-prolific sheep breeds
finnsheep/finnish landrace, romanov
medium wool dariy sheep
east friesian, lacaune
long wool sheep
romney, lincoln, border leicester, bluefaced leicester
carpet wool sheep
scottish blackface, herdwich, navajo churro
hair sheep breeds
barbados blackbelly, st croix, dorper, katahdin
goat breeds?
purpose and type, dairy v meat v fiber. milk - smaller fat particles, easier to digest, browse
alpine
switzerland/france, large, dairy, no distinct color, upright ears
la mancha
california, dairy, any color, short ears, gopher/elf ear
saanen
switzerland, largest, dairy, highest milk producer, white, forward ears
toggenburg
swiss, medium, second highest milk, fawn, white on face, high fat, wattles
nubian
most numerous, UK, large, dairy, dual purpose, any color, highest fat content, long pendulous ears
boer
asia, s africa, white w brown head or brown w spots, pendulous ears, #1 meat breed in US
spanish
US, small, meat, any color, rugged
angora
himalayas, turkey, fiber, mohair, hardy, adaptable,
cashmere - kashmir
india, asia, fiber, cashmere
wool chemical composition
carbon 50.5%
H 6.8
O2 22
N 16.5
S (Cysteine) 3.7
Ash (K, Na, Ca, Al, Fe, P) - 0.5
Lanolin Chemical
Composition
Alcohols:
Aliphatic alcohols 25.8%
cholesterol 38
trimethyl sterols 27.1
hydrocarbos 5.9
hair - sheep
smoother than wool, does not accept dye, long
kemp - sheep
shorter than wool, brittle, chalky white, sheds often, does not accept dye
higher secondary follicle to primary follicle ratio
more wool fibers per kemp or hair in fine-wool sheep. have become less scratchy because of a smaller proportion of larger diameter fibers
curvature of fiber
quantifes fiber crimp or waviness.
staple length - wool
length of a staple of wool. important for spinning.
factors affecting fleece traits
highly heritable, genetics is primary driver of differences, environmental diffs (nutrition, management) can have profound effects, age (fleece weight increases w age), nutrition (low qualtiy decreases qualtiy)
most important for wool
yield, average fiber diameter
major importance for wool
quantity, staple length, staple strength, color, colored fibers,
secondary importance wool
variabiloity of fiber diameter/staple length, cotted or felted fleeces, crimp/resisitance to compression
minor importance wool
condion of staple tips, age/breed/type, style/character/handle
beef industry structure
seedstock producers - commercial cowcalf producers - yearling stocker operators - farmer feeders/feedlots - packers - restaurants/retail chains - consumers
seedstock producers
70,000 to produce 60 breeds in US.
top 6 breeds in US semen sales
angus, simmental, red angus, polled hereford, charolais, hereford
commercial cow/calf producers
75,000 producers to raise 26 mil calves for market.
why can cattle flourish in variety of cliamtes
they can utilize lower-value resources, (can’t grow crops or be used by humans in any other way)
what influences how cows flourish
location, management, grazing, supplemental feed, genetics, breed, size, marketing
positive aspects of diversity
mitigates weather risk, reduces widespread disease risk, stead, year round supply
challenges of diversity
product uniformity and consistency, slow to change, profit motive
stocker/yearling operators
add weight to weaned calves before finished at feedlot. 12.5 mil in US. 60% in plains states
feedlots
feed from weaning/stocker to harvest weight/condititon (1100-1500), confined feeding operation, high grain ration, improved efficiency, lower greenhouse gas emissions
feedlot location factors
feed proximity (corn), environment (temp, humidity, precipitation, wind), packer proximity (freight cost), labor availabiliyt
packers
harvest cattle, fabricate into primals/subprimals (loin, rib, chuck, ribeye, tenderloin), sort and box beef
retailers
walmart, kroger, safeway, costco, supervalue
consumers
314 mil in US. changing demographics, 7 bil worldwide.
beef demand drivers
personal expidentures, perception of nutrition, convenience, safety
bos taurus
british, continental, cooler climates
bos indicus
india, warmer climates, zebu (humped back, large dewlap, long horns)
british cattle
maternal traits, smaller than continental,
black angus
scottish, black or red, most popular breed in US, smaller frame, early maturing, easy marbling, dark color for no sunburn, certified angus beef
red angus
red and black, 1950s, similar to black angus
hereford
polled or horned, red with white markings, grow from grass and grain, rustling ability, early maturity and prolificacy, certified hereford beef
shorthorn
n england, dual purpose, high milking abiolity, small early maturing, polled and horned
continental
mature, larger frame size, termianl oriented, more lean product
charolais
france, crossbreeding, walk, graze aggresively in warm weather, withstand cold, raise heavy calves, increased ruggedness
chianina
italy, semen to US, 4000 lbs, whtie with dark pigment on nose and eyes, crossbreeding to increase fram size
limousin
france, tan-brown-black, muscling, sturdiness, adaptability, crossbreeding
maine-anjou
france, dual purpose, US thru AI, large mature size, muscled
simmental
swiss, red and wshite, rapid growth development, crossbreeding to increase size and muscling
bos indicus
excess skinn, warmer climates, hardy, longevity, athletci
brahman
SW US from Zebu, light gray to black, hump, large drooping ears, disease and insect resisitant
santa gertrudis
texas, 5/8 shorthorn, 3/8 brahman, cherry-red, heat and tick resisitant, calving easy, mothering, abundant milk, no hump, improved beef quality
brangus
louisiana, 3/8 brahman, 5/8 angus, hardiness, solid black, polled
brahman crosses
brangus, braford, beefmaster, bramousin
