Animal Science Quiz 1 Flashcards
First animal to be domesticated?
Dog
Characteristics of Domestication (5)
Love in groups, dominance hierarchy, tolerate humans, adaptable, reproduce well in captivity.
functions of female repro tract (6)
control acitivy of organs, transport sperm, produce oocytes, provide enviornment for baby, give birth, repeat, provide nutrients to young.
vagina
sex organ, birth canal
cervix
sperm transport, regulate corpus luteum
uterus
sperm transport, site of implantation
ovary
produces oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone
oviduct/fallopian tube
transport of ova and sperm, site of fertilization
primordial follicles
present at birth, decreases as female mature
primary follicles
remain til puberty, most never ovulate
secondary follicles
The secondary follicles look very similar to primary follicles, except that they are larger, there are more follicular cells, and there are small accumulations of fluid in the intracellular spaces called follicular fluid (nutritive fluid for the oocyte). These gradually coalesce to form an antrum.
tertiary follicles
maturing follicles, antrum forms (fluid filled space),
graafian follicle
similiar structures of tertiary, layers and fluid increase, they can ovulate
corpus hemorrhagicum
newly ruptured follicle, blod clot
corpus luteum (CL)
The corpus luteum is a temporary collection of cells that forms on your ovary each menstrual cycle if you’re still getting a menstrual period. It appears right after an egg leaves your ovary (ovulation). The corpus luteum’s job is to make your uterus a healthy place for a fetus to grow.
corpus albicans (CA)
remains after CL regresses
dif in repro in poultry (4)
young are not suckled, egg laid outside, no defined pregnancy, only left ovary develops
purposes of male repro (4)
produce and maintain sperm, detect females in estrus, imseminate females and fertilize eggss
scrotum
2-lobed pourch that houses testes. physical barrier, temperature regulation, movement. concentric layers.
testes
male gonads, produce sperm and testosterone
cryptorchidism
failtrue of one or borth testes to descend to scrotum. unilateral - one. it is still fertiel. bilateral -2 sterile.
spermatogenesis
formation of spermatozoa. seminiferous tubules, interstitial space
cell types
leydig, sertoli
epididymis
highly concoluted duct attached to tunica albuginea. sperm transport, sperm maturation, concentration of sperm, storage.
penis
organ of copulation. root, body, glans penis (head).
fibroelastic
elastic tissue. extends in length for erection. muscle relaxes to let it out. (bull, ram, boar)
vascular
dorsal and ventrical erectile tissues. fill with blood for erection. engorges (stallion, human)
breeding soundness exam (BSE) (3)
evaluate and classify breeding ability of.a male, physical exam, eval of repro tract, semen collection and evaluation. does not guarantee fertility or detect libido.
factors impacting BSE (6)
age, disease, heat stress, body condition, collection procedure, season
progesterone
hormone that maintains pregnancy.
sperm made
seminiferous tubules. testosterone is produced in between tubules called leydig or intersititial cells
vas deferens
transportation tube that carries sperm from epididymus to urethra
ampulla
temporary sperm storage for rapid ejaculation
poultry male repro
testes are inside. no penis. sperm papillae, rudimentary sex organ. oviduct. sperm sotored in oviduct. fertilization in infundibiulum.
gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH
source: hypothalamus. target: anterior pitituary. function: release of LH and FSH
Lutenizing Hormone (LH_)
source: anterior pitituary. target: ovary. function: ovulation, CL formation, progesterone production
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
source: anterior pitiuary. target: ovary, testes. Fuction: development of follicle, estrogen synthesis, sperm production.
Prolactin
source: ant. pitituary. Target: mammary. Function: milk synthesis, maternal behavior.
oxytocin:
Source: posterior pitituary. Target: uterus, mammary. Function: famete transport, uterine contraction, milk let down.
estrogen
Source: follicle/placenta. Target: uterus/hypothalamus, mammary. Function: mating behavior, uterine growth, secondary sex, promotes GnRH release
progesterone
Source: corpus luteum, placenta. Target: uterus/mammary/hypothalamus. fuction: maintains pregnancy, mammary development, inhibits GnRH release
testosterone:
source: interstitial cells of testis. target: skeletal muscile/seminiferous tubles/repro tract. function: anabolic growth, seprm, seconary sex.
prostagglandin
source. uterus. target, corpus luteum, uterus, graafian ollicles,. fuction: regression of Cl/ uterine contraction/ovulation.
estrus
heat. accept sex. ovulation follows
corpus luteum
if pregnancy occurs, this stops the periods. lowers progesterone and promotes GnRH
cows cycles
regular yearlong
horses cycles
long days
sheep cycles
short days
cow pregnancy
285 days. one kid
ewe pregnancy
147 days. 1-3 kids.
mare pregnancy
336 days. 1 kid
sow preg
114 days. 6-14 kids
doe preg
150 days. 2-3 kids.
bison preg
270 days. 1 kid.
parturition
birth. initated by cortisol from the baby.
dystocia
abnormal birth. incorrect fetal position or excessive weight.
polyestrus
heat regularly throughout the year (cow, sow)
season polyestrus
heat during certain seasons (sheep, goats, deer, mare)
monoestrus
one cycle per year (dogs, wolves, bear, fox)
repro technology (8)
AI, embryo transfer, sperm sexing, embryo sexing, in vitro, nuclear transfer cloning, pre-implantation, genetic diagnosis.
advantages of AI (4)
advantageous genetics through use of superior sires, disease control, improved records, no need to keep bulls
semen collection
artifical vagina, electroejaculation
semen evaluation (4)
volume, concentration, motility, morphology
estrous synchoronization
makes use of hormoes to control estrous cycle.
purpose of embryo transfer (4)
increased productivity of superior donors, maximize use of valuable semen, transport genetics across long distances, prodcution of identical offspring by embryo splitting,.
reproduction efficiency
measured by number of offspring born
chromosome pairs in humans
23
chromosome pairs in cattle
30
chromosome pairs in swine
19
chromosome pairs in horses
32
chromosome pairs in chicken
39
chromosome pairs in corn
10c
crhomosome pairs in barley
27
phenotype
environment + genotype
epistasis
many gene pairs work together to prodcue gene expression
heterosis
crossbred individual superior to parents
crossbreeding
mating two species, breed, or types
outcrossing/outbreeding
breeding of unrelated individuals
inbreeding
breed from closely related individuals
line breedinb
common ancestor, but not directly related
