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Biology module 5 > animal responses > Flashcards

animal responses Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the peripheral nervous system

A

Made up of neurons that connect CNS to the rest of the body

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2
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Controls conscious activities like running

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3
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Controls unconscious activities like digestion

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4
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

Gets body ready for fight or flight response

Releases noradrenaline

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5
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Calms body down

Rest and digest system

Releases acetylcholine

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6
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located

A

Beneath the middle part of brain

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7
Q

Roles of hypothalamus

A

Maintains body temperature

Produces hormones that control pituitary gland

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8
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Beneath hypothalamus

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9
Q

Role of pituitary gland

A

Releases hormones and stimulates other glands like the adrenal gland

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10
Q

What is a reflex

A

The body responds to stimulus without making a conscious decision

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11
Q

describe the blinking reflex

A

sensory nerve in cornea is stimulated by touch

nerve impulse is sent along sensory neurone to relay neurone in CNS

impulse goes to motor neurone

motor neurones send impulse to effectors (orbicularis oculi muscles that move eyelid)

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12
Q

Describe the knee jerk reflex

A

stretch receptors in quadriceps detect stretch motion

impulse passed along sensory neurone to motor neurone in spinal cord

motor neurone carries impulse to effector muscle causing it to contract

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13
Q

describe process of fight or flight response

A

impulse from sensory neurone arrive at hypothalamus

pituitary gland releases ACTH

ACTH causes cortex of adrenal gland to release steroidal hormones

sympathetic nervous system is activated which releases adrenaline from medulla region

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14
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline

A

increased heart rate

breathing is deeper

glycogen converted to glucose (more respiration)

hairs stand on end to make animal look aggressive and bigger

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15
Q

How does the nervous system help to control heart rate

A

SAN generates electrical impulses

causes cardiac muscle to contract

rate at which SAN fires is controlled by medulla

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16
Q

What are chemoreceptors

A

chemical receptors

found in aorta, carotid artery and medulla

monitors o2 level and co2 level

17
Q

What are baroreceptors

A

pressure receptors

found in aorta and vena cava

stimulated by high and low blood pressure

18
Q

Describe structure of skeletal muscle

A

made up of muscle fibres

membrane is called sarcolemma

sarcolemma fold inwards to form transverse tubules(this allows impulses to spread around the membrane)

have lots of mitochondria ( which provides more ATP)

19
Q

describe the structure of myofibrils

A

contain bundles of thick and thin filaments

made up of sarcomeres

20
Q

what are the thick filament made of

A

myosin

21
Q

what are the thin filaments made of

A

actin

22
Q

describe the light and dark bands in myofibrils

A

Dark bands contain thick myosin filaments ( called A bands)

Light bands contain thin actin filaments (called I bands)

23
Q

describe the structure of the sarcomere

A

end of sarcomere marked with Z line

middle of sarcomere is M line

Around sarcomere is H zone ( only contains myosin filaments)

24
Q

describe muscle contraction in regards to filaments

A

Myosin and actin filaments slide over one another

this causes sarcomeres to contract

myofibrils contract

sarcomeres return to original length when relaxed

25
Q

describe the structure of myosin filaments

A

have globular heads that are hinged( allows movement back and forth)

Each head has binding site for actin

26
Q

Describe structure of actin

A

have binding sites of myosin heads ( called actin myosin binding sites)

27
Q

What happens to muscles in resting phase

A

actin myosin binding site is blocked by tropomyosin( held by troponin)

myofilaments cant slide past each other

28
Q

describe muscle contraction via action potential

A

action potential stimulates muscle cell

sarcolemma is depolarised

T-tubules are spread to sarcoplasmic reticulum

causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release stored ca ions

ca binds to troponin

troponin changes shape

pulls out tropomyosin so that myosin can bind

29
Q

How does the myosin head move

A

Calcium ions activate ATPase

ATPase breaks down ATP into ADP and P

this releases energy which moves the myosin head

30
Q

What happens when excitation stops

A

Ca leaves binding sites on troponin

by active transport

ca goes to sarcoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between motor neurone and muscle cell

32
Q

How do neuromuscular junctions work

A

ACh binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors

neuromuscular junctions releases neurotransmitter

triggers depolarisation in muscle

muscle contracts

AChE is stored in clefts of postsynaptic membrane

33
Q

What are the three types of msucle

A

Skeletal

Smooth muscle

Heart muscle/cardiac muscle

34
Q

describe the structure and function of skeletal muscles

A

controlled consciously

made up of muscle fibres (have many nuclei)

some contract very quickly- used for speed and strength but you get tired quickly

some contract slowly and fatigue slowly-used for endurance and posture

35
Q

describe the structure and function of smooth muscles

A

controlled unconsciously

found in the walls of hollow organs e.g gut and blood vessels

each muscle fibre has one nucleus

contract slowly and doesn’t fatigue

36
Q

describe the structure and function of cardiac muscles

A

contracts on its own (myogenic)

found in the walls of the heart

branched allow nerve impulses to spread quickly through muscle

each muscle has one nucleus

contract rhythmically and doesn’t contract

37
Q
A

Biology module 5 (8 decks)

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