Animal Products Flashcards
-comprises both urine and feces
Animal Waste
-consists of water together with nitrogenous waste from the animal (urea in mammals and uric acid in birds) and other soluble compounds that pass through the kidney
-also present may be antibiotics and other drugs such as growth stimulants
Urine
-are the undigested and/or unabsorbed materials that are voided by the animal
Feces
In livestock, the feces are called ______. The composition of ______ depends on the animal species and the composition of animal feed (e.g protein content)
Manure
Feces also contain the following:
-microorganisms
-any unabsorbed minerals and metals
-products of bacterial fermentation in the intestine
An example of a chemical found in animal waste with an extremely bad smell is _______. This gives feces its characteristic smell.
Skatole
-can be used as a source of plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus
Animal waste
-is used by organic producers often as the principal source of plant nutrients to fertilize
Manure
“The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers and sea.”
Rachel Carson
is an agricultural operation in which animals are raised in confined situations
Animal Feeding Operation (AFO)
-is an agricultural operation in which animals are raised in confined situations.
-they tend to be larger than AFOs.
-about 15% of AFOs are CAFOs.
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)
CAFOs must meet both of the following criteria:
-Animals are confined for at least 45 days in a 12 month period
-There is no grass or other vegetation in the confinement area during the normal growing season
-CAFOs are regulated by the U.S EPA as point source of pollution
-director of environmental stewardship for animal agriculture at Michigan State University.
-As a nutritionist, a major focus of her current research program is to study how diets can be modified to reduce nutrient excretions and air emissions.
Dr. Wendy Powers
6 human pathogens
- Campylobacter spp. (bateria)
- Salmonella spp. (nonthypoid, protozoan)
- Listeria monocytogenes (protozoan)
- Escherichia coli (protozoan)
- Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoan)
- Giardia lamblia (protozoan)
The 6 human pathogens account for over __% of food borne and water borne diseases in people, and frequently also affect cats and dogs.
90%
-can be considered as “non point pollution” with animals on pasture or ranch, or when there is land application of the animal waste.
-can wash into rivers, creeks, and streams, for example during a rainstorm.
Animal waste
Composition of Cattle’s (dried) waste (percentage)
Nitrogen 1.3
Phosphate 0.9
Potassium 0.8
Composition of Horse’s (fresh) Waste (percentage)
Nitrogen 0.6
Phosphate 0.3
Potassium 0.5
Composition of Pig’s (fresh) Waste (percentage)
Nitrogen 0.6
Phosphate 0.5
Potassium 0.4
Composition of Poultry with litter’s Waste percentage
Nitrogen 2.8
Phosphate 2.8
Potassium 1.5
-contributes to the shifts in the composition of Earth’s atmosphere, including ammonia, greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and odiferous compounds affecting the neighbors of animal units
Agriculture
Global emissions of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) in million metric tons NH3-N per year (FAO data)
Livestock 21
Synthetic fertilizers 9
Undisturbed ecosystems 10
Croplands 4
Biomass burning 4
Human excrement 3
Oceans 8
Biofuel combustion 2
Total emission 61
ppmv
parts per million by volume
ppbv
parts per billion by volume