Animal Health Care Flashcards
-refers to the physiological wellbeing of an animal
-in livestock and poultry, concerned with those factors that may impair health, comfort and productivity of the animals
Animal Health Care
Factors affecting animal health: (I, N, O)
- Infectious disease (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoan, internal and external parasites)
- Non-infectious disease (genetic defects, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders and toxicities or poisoning)
- Other problems (physical injuries, predation, and accidents)
Husbandry Aspects (A, P, P)
-Application of proper breeding principles and the different proper management practices
-Providing adequate and appropriate housing, equipment and other farm facilities
-Proper nutrition
Veterinary Aspect of Animal Health Care (M, M, A)
-minimize contact between disease agent and the animal (sanitation and hygiene)
-minimize undesirable effects of disease (surgery, chemotherapy, parasites control)
-augment natural body protective mechanisms or body resistance against diseases (vaccination, supportive therapy, preventive medicine)
Hygiene and Sanitation Program
(R, P, C, W, R, C, D, R)
- Regular removal and proper disposal of manure, litters, waste, and other organic matters/products.
- Proper disposal of dead animals
- Check wallowing/drinking areas for large animals
- Well-drained pens (help prevent foot rot in cattle, carabao, sheep, and goat)
- Regular grooming
- Confinement and segregation
- Disinfections and proper use of disinfectants
- Regular cleaning of houses, equipment, and other farm facilities
Prevents the buildup of maggots and fly population (carriers of infectious diseases and also causes direct injury to the animals)
Prevents soggy or wet condition of the soil (conducive to foot rot)
Disrupt the life cycle of parasites
Regular removal and proper disposal of manure, litters, waste and other organic matters/products
Dead animals are potent sources of disease agents
Prevent spreading of diseases
o Proper disposal includes:
Pouring of creolin or lime on the cadaver
Burying at least 6 feet under the ground
If possible, place stones or heavy object on the burial site to prevent the dog from digging
Proper disposal of dead animals
Drinking water should be potable and not contaminated
Check wallowing/drinking areas for large animals
help prevent foot rot in cattle, carabao, sheep and goat
Well-drained pens
In Cattle, Carabao, goat, and sheep:
o To remove dirt and unnecessary hairs
o To stimulate the skin’s oil glands
o Provide an opportunity to examine more closely the condition of the animals of lice, ticks and mite infestation
o Could also examine the teeth to check for any abnormalities (Bad condition of the teeth and gums can cause poor appetite)
Regular grooming
Prevent contact between healthy and sick animals
Minimizes the possibility of spreading the disease
Confinement and segregation
Recommended Procedures
a. Remove all loose dirt, litter, and other organic materials from the area to be disinfected by:
i. Using hot water containing detergent or soap
ii. Scrub the dirt, if practical
iii. High pressured water is recommended in areas where scrubbing is not possible
b. Use the recommended disinfectant as prescribed by the manufacturer; use it warm, if possible.
c. Apply the disinfectant thoroughly. Special attention should be given to the feeding troughs, drainage, and waste containers
d. Allow the disinfectant time to act. All residues of the disinfectant should be rinsed thoroughly before repopulating the area/pen
e. Heat is the most reliable disinfectant. Where practical, all contaminated materials should be burned. Using boiling water is also effective.
Disinfections and proper use of disinfectants
Properties of an ideal disinfectant
a. Have a broad antimicrobial activity
b. Have high stability and permeability
c. Have low toxicity to the animals
d. Not irritating to the skin and free from corrosive property and offensive odor
e. Not causing pollution and disturb the ecology of the environment
f. Not interfere with normal healing process, and must act in the presence of pus and necrotic tissues
g. Be readily available at reasonable cost
one of the veterinary medical interventions designed to promote animal health. If implemented properly will prevent or at least minimize contact between disease agents and the animal and will result to disease free or healthy animals.
Hygiene and sanitation program
-as an illness or a malady or impairment to normal body health
o One of the major factors that affect animal health
Disease
Planned and specific health schedule
• Vaccinations
• Parasite control
• Preventive medication
• Breeding/management activities based on
- Time calendar
- Age or life cycle of the animals
o A plan of measures and practices included in animal health to reduce the risk of introducing diseases into the animal farm that may be carried or spread by personnel, equipment or vehicles entering the farm.
Biosecurity
Some consideration in implementing a rigid biosecurity
The designs, orientation, orders/sequence of animal house units to prevent cross contamination
Allowing only or limited personnel in the farm or animal house units
Requiring all personnel entering to undergo washing, bathing, disinfections, fumigation. Etc.
Requiring all personnel to change clothing and wear farm cover-all and boots inside the farm
Washing and disinfection of vehicles and equipment entering the farm
Providing isolation units or quarantine areas for newly acquired or purchased stocks
Have an effective rodent control, bird proofing, and disallowing the entry or raising of other animals
involves exposing an animal to an antigen derived from an infectious agent so that immune response is stimulated and animal requires resistance to that infectious agent before natural infection occurs.
Vaccination
Criteria must consider determining whether vaccination is either possible or desirable in controlling a specific disease:
- Absolute identification of the causal agents
- Must established that an immune response can actually protect against the disease in question
Decision to use vaccines for the control of any disease must be based not only on the severity of the problem, but also on the prospect for its control by other techniques such as removing or reducing the effect of risk factors.
Regular vaccination program at least economically significant disease prevalent in a particular community is therefore recommended.
Program is particularly important in viral diseases, where effective, safe, and affordable drugs for, prevention and treatment are not yet available, unlike bacterial and parasitic diseases, where prophylaxis (prevention) and therapy (treatment) are generally accepted routine procedure.
Vaccine
Two group of Vaccine according to the status of the organisms or bioactive agent included as the antigen:
- Lived vaccine
- Killed (inactivated)
***** Killed vaccine is used when referring to bacterial vaccine
Inactivated – used for vaccine against viruses or toxins
Two prerequisites of an ideal vaccine
- High antigen city
- Absence of adverse side effects, that tends to be mutually incompatible
containing viable (live) infectious agents stimulate the best immune response but have the potential to produce diseases because of residual virulence, whereas, the antigens in killed vaccine may be relatively poor immunogens but are usually much safer.
Vaccines
Advantages of live vaccine
- Strong and long-lasting immunity
- Few inoculating doses required
- Convenient as they can be given by non-parental routes
- Adjuvants are unnecessary
- Less chance of hypersensitivity
- Viral vaccine mat stimulates interferon production
Disadvantages of live vaccine
- May revert back to its virulence form
- May cause vaccination failure
- Source of infection
Advantages of killed/inactivated vaccine
- Safe and unlikely to cause diseases because of residual virulence or reversion
- Storage stability
Disadvantages of killed/inactivated vaccine
- May require repeat dosing
- Immunity not long lasting (relatively short)
- May cause hypersensitivity due to its adjuvant
Animals may be rendered immune to infectious disease by:
- Passive immunization – provides temporary resistance by transferring antibodies from an animal that possess them from a natural infection or vaccination to
a. Naturally acquired passive
• Transfer of colostral immunoglobulin from the mother to the offspring
b. Artificially acquired passive
• Administration of serum or prepared antibodies (e.g. ATS, anti-serum) - Active immunization – the result of natural infection or vaccination, which involves the administration of an antigen to an animal so that it responds by developing a protective immune response that may be antibody or cell mediated, or both.
a. Naturally acquired active
• By having the diseases and becomes cured
b. Artificially acquired
• Administration of antigens either killed, inactivated or live
** Re-immunization or exposure to infection results in a secondary immune response. Protection is not developed immediately but usually requires several days or a few weeks; however, once established, it is long lasting and capable of restimulation.
Features of an excellent vaccine
- Highly immunogenic
• Affords protection of at least 95% of vaccinates
• Stimulates adequate levels of antibodies detectable by available assay procedures and can be differentiated from antibodies to field isolates
• Stimulates both the humoral and cellular immune responses - Safety features
• Does not:
o Produce disease in vaccinates
o Spread infection to unvaccinated animals
o Induce the carrier state in vaccinates
o Revert to virulent state
o Contain contaminants (other viruses and bacteria)
o Cause toxic reactions
o Cause disease in man
o Cause allergic reactions in vaccinates - Stable in storage at ambient temperatures
- Cheap
Guidelines for Vaccination/ Use of Vaccines
- Vaccinate only healthy animals. Defer vaccination of sick ones until they fully recover
- Do not vaccinate during very hot or wet weather
- Avoid stress on the animal during vaccination. In stressed animals, wait until they are relaxed/calm.
- Do not buy expired vaccines and those with broken seals
o Always check expiration dates
o Read label instructions
o Check contents for any signs of damage like discoloration, moldy growth - Store vaccine in the refrigerator or at cold temperature (2-6°C)
- Transport vaccines in ice chest or covered plastic/Styrofoam containers packed with ice.
** Do not place vaccine in your pockets
** Place them in plastic bag with cracked/cubed ice
** Preferably, place the bag in a bigger bag packed with cracked/cubed ice and put the bag in a covered plastic container or any appropriate container - Prepare sterilized syringes and needles in advance. Sterilize them only by boiling for at least 15 minutes.
** Do not use chemical disinfectant - Clean and wipe dry surface of the rubber stopper of vaccine vials/bottles with sterile absorbent cotton before inserting needles.
- Use only approved diluents for vaccine.
o Preferably use the one that comes with the vaccine
o Mix diluent with vaccine only when ready to use
o Avoid more than one-hour interval from mixing to actual; use of unused vaccine - Dispose and burn vaccine containers. And unused portions of big quantities may be stored for a few days provided aseptic reconstitution
** In case of bacterins, unused portions of big quantities may be stored for a few days provided aseptic precautions have been followed when withdrawing the amount used. - Be ready against allergic reactions
o Always have available epinephrine preparation ready for use within 2 – 3 minutes in case of anaphylactic shock.
o Record and report to immediate veterinary superior any untoward reactions of the vaccinates to vaccine
Mainly involves:
a. The implementation of strict Biosecurity
b. The vaccination of animals against the more common viral and bacterial diseases
Administration of antibiotic or probiotic drugs to animals to prevent or minimize the occurrence of disease
Very important part of any animal production system
Preventive medication program
Situation/condition which need preventive medication program
- Adverse climatic conditions
• Sudden changes in ambient temperature and humidity may cause stress and flare-ups of subclinical infections - During Vaccination
• Vaccination causes stress
• Anxiety and fear may result from catching and restraining the animals
• Vaccinating with live virus vaccine, the organisms multiply in host producing a subclinical or mild infection (the latter may trigger secondary infection through endogenous microbial flora, can be suppressed by preventive medicine) - Occurrence of disease
Guidelines in Formulating a Preventive Medication Program
- Identify the disease pattern of the flock or herd
• Check the record of the flock or herd
i. Morbidity/Mortality
ii. Description of clinical symptoms
iii. Unusual environment circumstances in times of sickness or death
• Check the animal disease problems in the vicinity (needs cooperation among raisers in the area) - Identify the specific microbial agent causing the disease
• Specimen of sick and dead animals should be submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for analysis
• In the absence of a diagnostic laboratory: regular post mortem examination should be done - Preferably, perform the antibiotic sensitivity profile of bacterial isolates from the flock or herd at least twice a year
• Useful in the choice of antibacterial to be used in monitoring the development of drug resistance - The most important consideration is the delivery of adequate concentration of the preventive medication in the target tissue sites of infection.
• Requires basic knowledge of pharmacological principles
• Antibacterial given in small dose may not give a desired effect
• Excess dosage maybe toxic to the animals or may be unfit to human consumption
Common diseases for cattles and buffaloes
-Foot and Mouth disease
-Hemmorhagic Septicemia
-Anthrax
-Blqck Leg/Malignant Edema
-Tetanus
-Pink eye
Common diseases in sheep and goat
-Foot and Mouth disease
-Hemmorhagic Septicemia
-Anthrax
-Black Leg/Malignant Edema
-Contagious ecthyma or sore mouth
-Pink eye
-Pasteurellosis
-Bacterial Scours
-Respiratory diseases
-Foot rot
Common diseases in poultry
-Marek’s disease
-New castle disease
-Gumboro disease/Infectious bursal disease
-Infectious bronchitis
-Egg syndrome
-Infectious laryngotracheitis
-Fowl pox
-Fowl cholera
-Chronic respiratory syndrome
-Viral arthritis/malabsorption syndrome
Common diseases in Swine
-Foot and mouth disease
-Hog cholera
-Pseudorabies
-Transmissible Gastro-enteritis
-Parvovirus infection
-Piglet scours/ Colibacillosis
-Salmonellosis
-Leptospirosis
-Pasteurollosis
-Enzootic pneumonia / Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
(Ectoparasites) External Parasites:
• Tick
• Mites
• Flea
• Flies (biting and sucking)
(Endoparasites) Internal Parasites
• Tapeworms
• Lungworms
• Stomach worms
• Liver fluke
• Capillary worm
• Coccidia
• Trypanosome
• Malaria
• Ehrlichiosis
Common non-infectious diseases
-Nutrient deficiency
-Metabolic diseases
- night blindness, reproduction problem, rough hair coat
a. Vitamin A deficiency
- Osteomalacia, rickets, soft egg (shelless egg)
b. Vitamin D deficiency
- white muscle disease (muscular dystrophy)
c. Vitamin E and Selenium deficiency
- hemorrhage (clotting problem)
d. Vitamin K deficiency
- curled toe paralysis in chicks
e. Vit. B2 (riboflavin) deficiency
- black tongue in chicks
f. Vit. B3 deficiency
- pernicious anemia
g. Vit B12 (cyanocobalamin)
- anemia
h. Iron deficiency
- goiter, alopecia
i. Iodine deficiency
- osteoporosis, milk fever in cows, rickets
j. Calcium deficiency
- hypocalcemia
a. Lactation tetany
- hypoglycemia
b. Ketosis in cattle
- sudden exercise, high carbohydrates
c. Azutosis/Monday morning disease (horse)
- milk deprivation
d. Hypoglycemia in piglets
- calcium-phosphorus imbalance
e. Urinary calculi
Types of parasites
Ectoparasites and Endoparasites
- Parasites found on the external surfaces of the body (skin and hairs)
- lice, ticks, mites, and flies
Ectoparasites
- parasites which inhabit the internal body organs
- Lungworms, liverflukes, kidney worms, malaria, coccidia
Endoparasites
Ways by which parasites could be acquired
- Ingestion of infective stage through food and water
- Ingestion of infective stage through arthropod
- Ingestion of infective stage through snails
- Inoculation of infective stage through bites of arthropod (mosquito, tick, flies)
- Penetration of the infective stage through the skin
- Ingestion of infective larvae through the milk
- Transplacental transmission
Effects of parasite on host
- By absorbing part of the digested nutrients of the host (roundworms and tapeworms)
- By sucking blood or lymph (resulting in anemia)
- By feeding on the tissues of the host (maggots and blowflies – damage to the tissues)
- By causing mechanical obstruction or pressure (elephantiasis)
- By causing growth of nodules and tumors and perforating blood vessels
- By causing wounds of tissues (Stomoxys and Tabanus)
- By irritation (hornflies in large animals)
- By secretion of toxins and other harmful substances
- By destruction of tissues (immature Fasciola sp. In ruminant)
- Transmission of casual agents of some infectious diseases and other parasites
- By reducing the resistance of the host to other infections
- By causing hypersensitivity reactions
Economic effects of parasites (resulting in decreased productivity and profitability
- Loss of Body weight
- Reduced milk/egg production
- Condemnation of affected organs
- Poor Feed Conversion Rate (FCR)
- Poor production
- Animals predisposed to other diseases or problems (decrease body resistance)
Parasites control programs aims at:
- Reducing to an acceptable minimum the parasite burden of an animal
- Increasing the natural resistance of the host
Strategies are based on interventions:
- To minimize interaction between the parasites and the host
o Can be achieved by:
a. Environmental control - Control of intermediate/transport host
• Destruction of intermediate host and breeding places - Sanitation and hygiene measures
• Cleaning and disinfections
• Removal of manure will disrupt the life cycle of parasites
b. Management Scheme
1. Housing and stall Feeding
• Confinement of animals and providing cut and carry grasses for ruminant
• Heavily contaminated pastures, the grasses should be allowed to wilt under the sun prior to feeding so that attached larvae will fall off and eventually die
• Animals will have, limited access to the infective forms of parasites found usually on the ground, or grasses or on intermediate host
• Also protected from exposure to adverse environmental condition
2. Grazing management
• Grazing area is the main source of parasites in ruminants
• Can minimize the seeding of infective larvae on pasture
• Pasture rotation – division of paddocks for rapid rotational; grazing system
3. Controlled Breeding
• Breeding that the time of kidding or calving fall within the dry months when there is lesser risk for the young to heavy infections
4. Feed Supplementation
• Feeding with MUMMB (Medicated urea molasses mineral block) contain dewormer
5. Stock Movement
• Arrival and moving out of new stocks favor introduction and spread of different parasites
• Strict monitoring must be implemented
• Animal to be transported is recommended to be dewormed at sourced
• Quarantine of newly purchased stock
6. Management Structure
• Separate the animals according to their ages
7. Stocking rate
• Overstocking will force animal to come in closer to contact with materials contaminated by feces and may result in higher intake of a large number of infective parasites stages
c. Regular Deworming Program
Ideal anthelminthic
i. Has a broad spectrum activity against mature and immature parasites
ii. Easy to administer to a large number of animals
iii. Has a wide margin of safety and be compatible with other compounds
iv. Does not require long withholding periods because of tissue residues
v. Economical
General guidelines for effective deworming program
- Identification of the species or type of parasites is necessary before applying treatment
- Dosing of animals at appropriate intervals is necessary to prevent the establishment of adult parasite load capable of doing harm to the animals
- The recommendation on the label of drugs should be carefully read and strictly followed
- Proper dispensing of Anthelmintic drugs influences efficacy
- Young animals are more susceptible to parasitism than mature ones
- Newly arrived stocks should be quarantined, diagnosed for the presence of parasites, and given dose of an appropriate drench before introduction in the herd
- A regular antiparasitic program is more effective if coupled with control of the parasites in the environment
- Alternate use or rotation between anthelmintic classes every year is recommended to prevent development of anthelmintic resistant
- As regard to Ectoparasites of ruminant, regular manual removal may be effective in a small group of animals with light infestation. In light infestation, appropriate insecticide application should be done. Shaving of hair of Carabao is helpful in reducing the infestation
- Propagation of flies and other arthropods may be reduced if their breeding places are destroyed. It may also be useful to pile the manure in heaps and apply larvicide on top
Use of appropriate drug such as:
- Coccidiostat
- Antimalarials
- Insecticides
- Acaricides
- Larvicides
Strategies are based on interventions:
- To minimize interaction between parasites and the host
Can be achieved by:
A. Environmental control
B. Management scheme
C. Regular deworming program
D. Use of appropriate drugs - Improve the nutritional status of the host
