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Animal nutrition > Animal nutrition - lipids > Flashcards

Animal nutrition - lipids Flashcards

1
Q

describe what lipids are in general

A

Lipids are heterogeneous organic compounds.

are at least two-component biomolecules (alcohol component + fatty acids), and as a rule, are esters.

– soluble in nonpolar organic solvents (ether, benzene, chloroform)
– not soluble in aqueous solutions

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2
Q

Alcohol groups found in lipids (3)

A

– glycerol - trivalent alcohol, is in triglycerides
– sphingosine – alcohol backbone of sphingolipids
– cholesterol - unsaturated cyclic alcohol

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3
Q

Classification of fatty acids based on (5)

A
  • Chain length
  • Presence of double bonds and their number
  • Conjugated FAs
  • Branched-chain FAs
  • Geometric position of H-atoms near the double bonds can be identified as two isomers
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4
Q

a fatty acid chain length of 4-10 C is calssified as

A

shortchain FA

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5
Q

a fatty acid chain length of 12-16 C is classified as

A

medium chain FA

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5
Q

a fatty acid chain length of >17 C is classified as

A

long chain FA

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6
Q

C atoms in FAs are linked to each other either by

A

saturated single- or unsaturated double bonds

saturated FAs are more stable tha unsaturated FAs.

▪ one (monounsaturated FA - MUFA) or
▪ several double bonds (polyunsaturated FA - PUFA)

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7
Q

if two double bonds are spaced at least two C atoms away from each other in a FA, it is classified as

A

Conjugated

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8
Q

branched-chain FAs are classified -iso when

A

the branch point is on the penultimate carbon (one from the end)

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9
Q

branched-chain FAs are classified -anteiso when

A

the branch point is on the ante-penultimate carbon atom (two from the end)

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10
Q

Lipids: Geometric position of H-atoms near the double bonds can be identified by two isomers called:

A

– cis isomer (H one side)
– trans isomer (H mutually)

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11
Q

the longer the carbon skeleton of the saturated FAs,
the higher

A

the melting point

meaning long saturated FAs (no double-bonds) tend to be solid at room temperature

e.g. coconut oil has 12-carbon atoms, is saturated and its melting point is 24’C

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12
Q

the longer the carbon skeleton of the unsaturated FAs, and the greater the number of double bonds in the carbon skeleton, the

A

the lower the melting point of the FA

tendecy to be liquid at room temp.

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13
Q

Stearic acid c-skeleton length and melting point

A

stearic acid carbon skeleton is 18:0
(2nd number denotes number of double bonds)

and melting point is 70’C so is solid at room temp.

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14
Q

Oleic acid c-skeleton length and melting point

A

oleic acid carbon skeleton is 18:1

(the one denotes there being 1 double bond in the molecule, is called a monounsaturated FA)

the melting point is 13’C so is typically solid at room temperature.

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15
Q

Classification of LIPIDS first and foremost divided into:

A

Glycerol-containing lipids &
Non-glyceride lipids

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16
Q

Non-glyceride lipids include (5)

A

Cerebrosides
Eicosanoides

Steroids
Terpenes
Waxes

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17
Q

Glycerol-containing lipids are divided into:

A

simple & complex lipids

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18
Q

simple lipids are also known as

A

fats

such as triacylglycerols

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19
Q

complex lipid division (2)

A

divided into glycolipids and phospholipids

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20
Q

glycolipid division (2)

A

glycolipids and galactolipids

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21
Q

phospholipid division (2)

A

lecithin and cephalin

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22
Q

Simple lipids or fats occur mainly in

A

feeds and in animal body as triglycerides or neutral fats

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23
Q

Triglycerides are composed of

A

one molecule of glycerol and usually three FA residues

In feeds and in the animal body di- and monoglycerides are also present, but these are mainly metabolic residues of triglycerides

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24
Q

Phospholipids consist of

A

Glycerol molecule + 2 FA residues and
phosphoric acid + proteinaceous compound

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25
Q

lecithin is

A

is a phospholipid

a yellowish-brownish fatty substance, in plant and animal cell
membranes, egg yolk, dietary supplement

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26
Q

lecithin consists of

A

Lecithins are composed of phosphoric acid, cholines (B4), esters of glycerol, and two fatty acids.

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27
Q

Cephalin is a

A

phospholipid found in brain tissue and nerves

it consists of a combination of glycerol esterified with two fatty acids and phosphoric acid.

the phosphate group is combined with the ethanolamine in Cephalin.

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28
Q

Glycolipids usually consist of

A

glycerol + 2 FA + sugar residue

they contain Galactolipids because within the sugar residue is
one or two galactose molecules bound to the first carbon atom of the glycerol

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29
Q

Glycolipids are mainly in

A

plant origin feeds

in grasses, but also in clover

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30
Q

Main glycolipid present in the animal body is

A

cerebroside (alcohol backbone is sphingosine), which occurs mainly in the brain neural tissue

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31
Q

Cholesterol is

A

is the major sterol in animal body and is an essential component of cell membranes.

  • … is a precursor of all steroids present in organism
  • … content is high in animal fats, egg yolk, brain tissue, blood plasma -> lipoproteins
  • … is synthesised in liver, but to a small extent also in the mucosa of the small intestine, adrenal gland, ovary, testis and placenta
  • …chemically an alcohol, but in contrast to alcohols does not dissolve in water
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32
Q

In plants, the most intense fat hydrolysis takes place in

A

the germinating seeds of oil crops.

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33
Q

The pH optimum for lipases
in plants?
in small intestine of animals?

A

– in plants 4.7-5.0
– in the small intestine of animals 7.0-8.8

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34
Q

Lipids are digested in the rumen by

A

microbial lipases.

35
Q

Lipids are digested in the rumen by microbial lipases are hydrolyzed into?

A

into glycerol (produces also sugars) and free fatty acids

36
Q

what is the fate of the glycerol produced from microbial hydrolysis of lipids?

A

glycerol (but also sugar) is consumed by microorganisms for the production of ATP

37
Q

where are fatty acids absorbed in ruminants?

A

In the small intestine the FAs are absorbed in the same way as in monogastric animals.

38
Q

In monogastric animals the hydrolysis of fat begins where by what action of what

A

in the duodenum by the emulsifying action of bile
(bile acids and their salts) and pancreatic lipase

39
Q

Lipase splits triglycerides into

A

2-monoglyceride (2-MG) and two FAs

– small amount of 2-MG degrades into glycerol and FA

40
Q

Water soluble compounds (glycerol, choline) absorbed…?

A

directly into the blood.

41
Q

Short-chain FAs (C4-C10) are easily absorbed into

A

the cells of the small intestine, after which they are readily hydrolysed to produce ATP,

which is why they are not found, or their content is very low, in fat deposits (also in milk fat).

42
Q

mixed micelles are

A

water soluble complexes, composed of phospholipids and bile salts

either 2-monoglycerides (mostly in monogastrics) or free FAs (mostly in Ru) form mixed micelles, with the help of bile acids, cholesterol and phospholipids (lecithin)

43
Q

Mixed micelles pass through what on the surface of pillar-shaped intestinal epithelial cells in order to enter into them

A

they pass through the fixed water and mucous layer on the surface of pillar-shaped intestinal epithelial cells

44
Q

What happens to mixed micells after entering the intestinal epithelial cells

A

the mixed micelles are decomposed into components

45
Q

What must be formed before insoluable triglycerides can enter into the internal circulation of the organism?

A

lipoproteins (chylomicrons)

46
Q

Lipoproteins are

A

the main transport molecules of triglycerides, which are synthesized in the small intestine epithelial cells (i.e. chylomicrons) or in the liver

47
Q

apo(lipo)proteins are

A

are proteins that bind lipids

are mainly produced in the liver, except Apo B-48, which is produced in the epithelial cells of the small intestine from absorbed AAs

48
Q

function of low density lipoproteins

A

cholesterol transport INTO tissues

49
Q

function of high density lipoproteins

A

cholesterol transport OUT of tissues

50
Q

in tissues the lipoproteins are digested by

A

lipoprotein lipase and triglycerides are released

▪ if the animal is growing, the free FAs in the adipose tissue and in the udder are transferred respectively into the composition of depot fat and milk fat

▪ skeletal and cardiac muscle use FAs for ATP energy production

51
Q

what is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down to generate acetyl-CoA and NADH and FADH2, which are used in the electron transport chain for ATP production?

A

Fatty acids can be used to produce ATP during β-oxidation

52
Q

β-oxidation can be used on Fatty acids to generate what (3)

A

acetyl-CoA
NADH and
FADH2

which are used in the electron transport chain for ATP production.

53
Q

Fate of glycerol in the body

A

either used to produce ATP in conjunction with CO2 and H2O

or

resynthesis of triglycerides or glucose in gluconeogenesis (ATP required for anabolism)

54
Q

Fate of free fatty acids in teh body

A

beta oxidation in mitochondria to produce ATP (and CO2 and H2O)

or

resynthesis of triglycerides (ATP required for anabolism)

55
Q

Lipoproteins from which triglycerides are degraded are called

A

remnant lipoproteins

56
Q

Remnant lipoproteins contain

A

protein, phospholipids and cholesterol

57
Q

Fate of Remnant lipoproteins

A

can either be degraded in the liver

or

used for the synthesis of new lipoproteins in the liver

58
Q

Biohydrogenation of unsaturated FAs means

A

is a process that occurs in the rumen in which bacteria convert unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) and as a consequence, the fatty acids leaving the rumen are mostly highly saturated.

59
Q

Unsaturated FAs released by microbial lipases from triglycerides are toxic to (cellulolytic) bacteria, and are therefore subjected to

A

biohydrogenation

60
Q

The toxicity of unsaturated FAs to cellulolytic bacteria can be seen in the (3)

A

– decrease in the digestibility of cellulose

– prolongs retention time of the cellulose material in the rumen

– which in turn causes a reduction in feed intake and milk production

61
Q

Step 1 of the Biohydrogenation of unsaturated FAs

A
  • step 1 – isomerisation of unsaturated FAs

double bond from cis-orientation to trans-orientation

62
Q

Step 2 of Biohydrogenation of unsaturated FAs

A
  • step 2 – saturation of isomerised FAs
63
Q

What does CLA do for the body?

A

Conjugated linoleic acid might help reduce body fat deposits and improve immune function.

64
Q

The degree and the rate of biohydrogenation depends on

A

the number of double bonds in the FA C-skeleton

– the more double bonds there are in the C-skeleton the FASTER and more completely is the FA biohydrogenation

65
Q

Free unsaturated FAs are biohydrogenated within the range of

A

70…100%:

– linoleic acid (C18:2) 70…95 %
– α-linolenic acid (C18:3) 85…100 %

66
Q

A high amount of concentrate and UFAs in the feed ration significantly decreases

A

biohydrogenation (shifts down) ->
milk fat depression (content decreases)

67
Q

If in the ration DM, the amount of starch & sugars exceeds ?,
milk fat % decreases.

A

If in the ration DM the amount of starch+sugars exceeds 300 g/kg
milk fat % decreases.

68
Q

If in the ration DM, the amount unsaturated FA’s exceeds ?, milk fat % decreases.

A

If in the ration DM, the unsaturated FA’s exceeds 25 g/kg milk fat % decreases.

69
Q

De novo synthesis of FAs takes place in

A

the cell cytoplasm:

– mainly in the liver and the lactating udder
– but also in adipose tissue and the kidneys

70
Q

De novo synthesis of FAs is

A

the repeated inclusion of acetyl-CoA or activated acetic acid
(beta-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHBA) in the udder)
into the new FA chain-lengthening

71
Q

Where does Acetyl-CoA originates from in humans, rat, pig

A

glucose catabolism

72
Q

Where does Acetyl-CoA originates from in rabbits

A

glucose catabolism and activation of acetic acid

73
Q

Where does Acetyl-CoA originates from in bovine

A

from activation of acetic acid

74
Q

specific protein B-48 is what

A

ApoB-48 is an apolipoprotein specific to a lipoprotein, chylomicron (CM) which is formed in intestine and carries exogenous lipids derived from foods to the liver and peripheral tissues.

75
Q

Saturated fatty acids are more stable than unsaturated fatty acids

A. Right
B. Wrong

A

A. Right

76
Q

The longer the C-skeleton of saturated FAs, the lower is their melting point

A. Right
B. Wrong

A

B. Wrong, it would be HIGHER

77
Q

The longer the C-skeleton of UNsaturated FAs, the lower is their melting point

A. Right
B. Wrong

A

B. Wrong

78
Q

Lecithin’s proteinaceous compound is …

A. choline
B. ethanolamine

A

A. choline

79
Q

Which of these oils is in solid form at room temperature?

A. Corn oil
B. Groundnut oil
C. Coconut oil
D. Soybean oil

A

C. Coconut oil

80
Q

Triglycerides are digested in the rumen into …

A. glycerol and three fatty acids
B. glycerol and fatty acids and then further into carbon dioxide and water
C. Are not digested at all

A

A. glycerol and three fatty acids

81
Q

During re-synthesis of triglycerides the ATP energy …

A. is produced
B. is used

A

B. is used

82
Q

Which bacteria take part in the biohydrogenation process?

A. amylolytic
B. cellulolytic
C. saccharolytic

A

B. cellulolytic

83
Q

Reduction in milk fat content is caused by …

A. high amounts of ruminally degraded starch in the ration
B. high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration
C. both

A

C. both

84
Q

To synthesise fatty acids in the udder of cattle the necessary activated acetic acid originates from

A. glucose catabolism
B. acetic acid
C. both

A

B. acetic acid

85
Q

beta oxidation produces what intermediate that goes where?

A

β-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain

Animal nutrition (19 decks)

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