Animal nutrition - general deck I Flashcards
What Seven minerals are required in moderate amounts
Calcium,
chloride,
magnesium
phosphorus,
potassium,
sodium,
sulfur
Name the 6 main electrolytes.
calcium
chloride
magnesium
phosphate
potassium
sodium
Double-bonds in fatty acids can be described as?
unsaturated
so single-bonds are saturated
What are vitamins?
Low molecular weight bioactive and essential organic compounds of varying compositions.
Name 4 fat soluble vitamins.
A, D, E K
Another name for vitamin B1 and function
thiamine
nerves and muscle tissue
Another name for vit. B2 and function
riboflavin
growth, RBCs
Another name for vit. B3 and function
nicotinic acid / niacin - digestive health
Another name for vit. B5 and function
pantothenic acid
Main function of this vitamin is in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein.
Another name for vit. B6 and function
pyridoxine - brain chemical synthesis
Another name for vit. B7 and function
biotin - needed for various metabolic processes
Another name for vit. B9 and function
folic acid / folate - brain function and production of DNA, RNA
Another name for vit. B12 and function
cobalamin - nervous system, production of DNA, RNA
define cal
CALORIE (cal) - the amount of heat that is needed to heat 1g of water by 1°C
what unit of measurement do we use in association with large animal feeding? (cattle, horse, pig)
we use Mega Calories (Mcal) or megajoules
1 cal = 4.1868 J and 1 J = 0.23888 cal
what unit of measurement do we use to measure the feed/food energy content in small animals, birds, and humans
kilo calories (kcal) or kilojoules
1 cal = 4.1868 J and 1 J = 0.23888 cal
complete hydrolysis of 1 molecule (mole) of glucose produces?
38 ATP molecules (moles)
1 mole of ATP gives ? of energy
52 kJ of energy
Energy in the animal body can be roughly divided into two types:
– metabolic energy – in macroergic compounds (ATP)
– reserve energy – glycogen, body fat, protein
Under the term „nutrition“ we mean …
A. external aspect, linked to human activities
or
B. internal aspect, i.e. processes taking place
inside the animal, which are not linked to
human activities?
B. internal aspect, i.e. processes taking place
inside the animal, which are not linked to
human activities
Energy conversion from feed to production
is highest in …
B. poultry
Which of the following are in the largest
amounts in an organism?
A. Lipids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Water
D. Water
Which of the following are in the smallest
amounts in an organism?
A. Lipids
B. Proteins
C. Carbohydrates
D. Water
C. Carbohydrates
Nutritive factors are …
A. nutrients which animals cannot synthesise
themselves and which they need to get from
their feed
How many groups are the nutritive factors divided into?
C. 7
- Energy
- Protein
- Fat
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Water and
- atmospheric oxygen
What is the unit of energy in the EU?
Work unit -> Joules
In the European Union, food energy labeling in joules is mandatory, often with calories as supplementary information.
Which chemical fraction of feeds gives the
lowest amount of heat or energy?
N-free extracts (starch, sugars etc.)
What kind of energy do animals need to
carry out their physiological functions?
C. Metabolic energy
What are the reserve energy sources in the
animal organism?
C. Protein, fat and glycogen
define α-amino acid
both amino- functional groups are attached to the same carbon
amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups
what are the staple functional groups of amino acids
amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups
define dry matter
the part of a foodstuff or other substance which would remain if all its water content was removed.
diff. between peptide and protein
Up tp 50 AA -> Peptide
over 50 AA -> protein
difference between lipids and fats
Lipids are a broader group of biomolecules found in the body of organisms.
Fats are just one type of lipid that are necessary for a healthy body.
name two essential fatty acids
linoleic acid (18:2n-6) also known as omega-6 and
α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) also known as omega-3
The difference between alpha and beta glucose
The key difference between the two lies in the orientation of the hydroxyl group which is on the same side in α-glucose and on the opposite sides in the β-glucose.
define pectin
a soluble gelatinous polysaccharide which is present in ripe fruits and is used as a setting agent in jams and jellies.
e.g. in kaopekt forte for management of diarrhea in dogs
define lignin
a complex organic (polyphenol) polymer deposited in the cell walls of many plants, making them rigid and woody.
define crude ash
represents the percentage of inorganic substances present in an amount of foodstuffs; i.e. the minerals.
protein typically contains what percentage of nitrogen
16%
Crude protein is a term that refer to
all nitrogen containing compounds
coefficient for calculating nitrogen content
6.25
Protein = N x 6.25 (protein contain 16% N)
explain NPN compounds
stands for non protein nitrogen compounds
e.g. ammonia, uric acid,
peptides (up to 50 AAs), free AAs, nucleic acids, amides, amines, ammonia, nitrates etc
essentially the intermediates of protein synthesis (fresh grass ) and/or hydrolysis (hay, silage)
10 essential amino acids required by the typical domestic mammal
Arginine
Histidine (His)
Isoleucine (Ile)
Leucine (Leu)
Lysine (Lys)
Methionine (Met)
Phenylalanine (Phe)
Threonine (Thr)
Tryptophan (Trp)
Valine (val)
3 most limiting amino acids in domestic animals
depending on the sitch (nutrition sources)
lysine
methionine
histidine
where is the peptide bond between connected amino acids
is formed between one amino acid’s amino group (NH2) and another amino acid’s carboxyl (COOH) group
what are graminaceous species
Graminaceous,
adjective. resembling a grass; grasslike.
wheat, barley, maize
what is PPO
Polyphenol oxidase
an enzyme involved in fruit browning
inhibits proteolysis in some plants such as red clover
what two components do lipids consist of at a minimum?
base alcohol (usually glycerol) and fatty acids (carboxylic acids),
and they are esters
name 4 fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E and K
„brown fat“ function: (3)
– in cells of brown fat there are many mitochondria (the brown colour comes from cytochromes, respiratory electron carriers) where active FA oxidation takes place
– during oxidation, ATP is not produced and all energy goes into heat
– when the organism’s regulation of body heat is developed the brown adipose tissue disappears
define cytochromes
Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central Fe atom at its core, as a cofactor.
They are involved in electron transport chain and redox catalysis.
name 7 macroelements
major (macro) elements - 7 (g/kg)
calcium (Ca),
chlorine (Cl),
magnesium (Mg),
phosphorous (P),
potassium (K),
sodium (Na),
sulphur (S)
name up to 10 microelements
trace (micro) elements – 17 (mg/kg)
chromium (Cr)
copper (Cu)
cobalt (Co)
fluorine (F)
iodine (I)
iron (Fe)
manganese (Mn)
molybdenum (Mo)
selenium (Se)
zinc (Zn)
most and 2nd most abundant macroelement in mammals
calcium &
phosphorus
most and 2nd most abundant microelement in mammals
iron & zinc
how do minerals participate in acid-base balance?
by buffering
many mineral involved e.g. sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate, Zinc
How are Na & K absorbed?
by using ATP energy to transport Na or K
how are Cl, I, Fe absorbed
Cl, I, F are absorbed via an anion-cation exchange mechanism
how are Ca & P absorbed
Ca & P absorbed via vitamin-D depending transport
protein
cause of grass tentany
Grass tetany occurs when there is not enough magnesium in the blood.
fresh pasture or silage rich in NPN compounds which are broken down rapidly into ammonia in the rumen, NH3 then binds magnesium making it unavailable to the animal resulting in deficit and tetany
difference between true & crude protein
True protein is what is made from amino acids
crude protein, is technically all nitrogen content (NPN compounds too) because of the manner in which composition is determined
difference between metabolizable and digestible protein?
metabolizable protein: the true protein that is digested postruminally and the component AA absorbed by the intestine. supplied by both microbial protein and protein which escapes degradation in the rumen
digestible protein: the difference between the protein content in feed and in feces
to which nutritive factor group do nucleic acids belong?
to crude protein because of the copious nitrogen in them despite mostly being metabolized and excreted via urine (as purines & pyrimidines)
what is the van soest analysis method?
for estimation of crude fiber chemical composition
is the concept behind the detergent fiber analysis is that plant cells can be divided into less digestible cell walls (contains hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) and mostly digestible cell contents (contains starch and sugars).
Van Soest separated these two components successfully by use of two detergents: a neutral detergent and an acid detergent.
what is adf
acid detergent fiber
a type of fiber composition analysis technique
what is ndf
neutral detergent fiber
a type of fiber composition analysis technique
define Feed material
products of vegetable or animal origin, whose principal purpose is to meet animals’ nutritional needs,
in their natural state, fresh or preserved,
and products derived from the industrial processing thereof, and organic or inorganic substances.
Compound feed
a mixture of at least two feed materials, whether or not containing feed additives, for oral animal-feeding in the form of complete or complementary feed.
Complete feed
compound feed which, by reason of its composition, is sufficient for a daily ration.
Complementary feed
compound feed which has a high content of certain substances but which, by reason
of its composition, is sufficient for a daily ration only if used in combination with other feed
Mineral feed
means complementary feed containing at least 40% crude ash.
Feed intended for particular nutritional purpose
feed which can satisfy a particular nutritional purpose by virtue of its particular composition or method of manufacture, which clearly distinguishes it from ordinary
feed.
Medicated feed
a feed, which is ready to be directly fed to animals without further processing, consisting of a homogenous mixture of one or more veterinary medicinal products or intermediate products with feed materials or compound feed
how do you define a Roughage
give 4 examples
(>18% crude fiber)
Fresh forage, silage, haylage, straw
define chelate
a compound containing a ligand (typically organic) bonded to a central metal atom at two or more points.
Chelates have no electrical charge and therefore do not depend on the ionisation of intestinal pH fluctuations
define Chelation
Chelation refers to the process during which minerals, such as calcium or selenium, are bound to an amino acid or peptide
chelates are molecular complexes
Critical amino acids are amino acids, …
A. which content is low in feeds
B. of which animals lack most quickly
C. both of the above
C. both of the above
Sort feeds in order of their amounts of non-protein nitrogen compounds…
A. hay > grass > silage
B. grass > hay > silage
C. silage > hay > grass
D. silage > grass > hay
C. silage > hay > grass
microbial degradation of crude protein produces more NPN compounds, this occurs in silage
Organism reserve energy sources are …
A. glycose, glycogen, fat
B. ATP, fat, protein
C. glycogen, fat, protein
D. ATP, glycose, fat
C. glycogen, fat, protein
Can an animal organism synthesize all necessary lipids themselves?
B. No
– These are essential FAs:
▪ linoleic acid C18:2
▪ α-linolenic acid C18:3
Feeds/ration crude ash content is correlated with the energy content …
A. positively or
B. negatively
B. negatively
Do the basic feeds cover production animals requirements for minerals?
A. No
Does the organism assimilate which better …
A. chlorides and sulphates or
B. oxides and carbonates
A. chlorides and sulphates
their solubility is better
Selenium deficiency can be covered faster if we feed …
A. organic selenium or
B. inorganic selenium
B. inorganic selenium
what is weende analysis?
It is often referred to as the Weende System and was principally devised to separate carbohydrates into two fractions: crude fibre and nitrogen free extract (NFE).
The system consists of determinations of water, ash, crude fat (ether extract), crude protein and crude fibre.
