animal nutrition

Question 1

what are the 5 processes

Answer 1

ingestion- take food in

digestion- break up food
~physical/mechanical- teeth, oesophagus
~chemical- enzymes break down into monomers

absorption- taken into bloodstream
Assimilation - take from bloodstream to cells
Egastion - removal undigested waste

Question 2

what are the 4 types of teeth and what are they used for

Answer 2

1 Incisors - biting
2 Canines - rip and tear
3 Premolar - chewing and grinding
4 Molar - chewing and grinding

Question 3

what is the dental formula

Answer 3

32 in total:
8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars and 12 molars in your mouth.
4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars and 6 molars per jaw.
* All teeth are mirrored on the left and right side of your jaw. The dental formula represents the amount of teeth per side of your jaw.

2 : 1 : 2 : 3 upper jaw
2 : 1 : 2 : 3 lower jaw
(Incisors : Canines : Premolars : Molars)

Question 4

what is carnasial

Answer 4

specialised premolar and molar teeth shaped triangular for cutting. The interlocked nature of the teeth allow for a shearing motion to better tear the food

Question 5

what is diastema

Answer 5

the gap between the incisors and the permolar of herbivores. These separate the two groups of teeth. Incisors are used for biting and premolars and molars are used for chewing

Question 6

differences between carnivores, herbivores and omnivores

Answer 6

Eat Meat
Eat Plants
Eat Plants and meat

Reduced facial structure
Complex facial structure
Reduced Facial structure

Canines present
No Canines present
Canines Present

Carnassial Teeth
No Carnassial Teeth
Carnassial Teeth

No Diastema gap
Diastema gap
Diastema gap

Question 7

what happens in the mouth

Answer 7

digestion
Tongue - Forms food into bolus and throws it into the throat

Salivary Glands - secretes enzymes to break down carbohydrates with amylase
- Exocrine glands : secrete into a duct
- Endocrine glands : directly into bloodstream

Question 8

what happens in the throat

Answer 8

digestion
Pharynx - Common food and air tube

Esophagus - Assists the food in transportation with “peristalsis” (contracting and relaxing of the oesophagus)

Question 9

what happens in the stomach

Answer 9

Gastric gland - secretes juice that creates hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and breaks down proteins with pepsin into chyme

Question 10

what happens in the liver

Answer 10

Bile - breaks down fats

Carbohydrates, converts glucose to glycogen
Proteins, convert amino acids into urea
The liver stores all of this
Detoxifies the blood from alcohol and drugs

Question 11

what happens in the gall bladder

Answer 11

stores bile

Question 12

what happens in the pancreas

Answer 12

Stores: 1. pancreatic juice (Trypsin(breaks down carbs), Amylase(breaks down proteins), and Lipase(breaks down lipids))
2. hormones (insulin and glucagon)

Question 13

what happens in the first small intestine -duodenum

Answer 13

absorption
connects the stomach to the first part of the small intestines and fits between the pancreas in a C shape

Question 14

what happens in the 2nd small intestine
jejunum

Answer 14

stores intestinal juice (juice to break down carbs and fats)

Question 15

what happens in the 3rd small intestine
ileum

Answer 15

absorbs nutrients with Villus

Question 16

list 6 structure function of villi

Answer 16

Single layer columnar epithelial cells with microvilli (hair-like structures)
Facilitate Diffusion

Lacteal in the centre
Transport absorbed fats through the lymphatic system

Capillaries
Transports absorbed nutrients

Lots of mitochondria
Facilitate energy requirements for absorption (mainly lipids)

Goblet cells in the single layer columnar epithelial cells
Secret mucus to protect the villis and aids absorption

Brunner’s glands in the duodenum
Secret an alkaline mucus when neutralise chyme and protects the intestines

Question 17

what happens in large intestines

Answer 17

Caecum - opening to the Large intestines
Colon - absorption of minerals
Rectum - stores feces
Anus - opening