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PMCOL 343 > animal models-3 > Flashcards

animal models-3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the porsolt forced swim test used for (what kind of drugs)

A

antidepressants

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2
Q

what did dr. porsolt find when young monkeys were separated from their mothers

A

vocalisation and reduced play behaviour (depressed)

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3
Q

what is learned helplessness

A

the reaction of an animal once they give up when they are in an inescapable situation

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4
Q

what did TCAs do to monkeys separated from their mothers

A

reverse the sad behaviour

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5
Q

what did chlorpromazine do to monkeys separated from their mothers

A

didnt have an effect

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6
Q

what happens when animals are exposed to adverse events to which they have no control over

A

they have decreased motivation to respond

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7
Q

what does the forced swim test model

A

behavioural despair

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8
Q

how do you set up a forced swim experiment

A

they put a tall beaker of water for the rat to swim in and it cant escape, see how long it tries to swim and climb for

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9
Q

do SSRIs work in forced swim

A

no

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10
Q

does buspirone work in forced swim

A

yes

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11
Q

what is the tail suspension test used for

A

antidepressant testing

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12
Q

what does the tail suspension test model for

A

behavioural despair

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13
Q

do SSRIs increase struggling time in tail suspension test

A

yes

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14
Q

what are two tests that scientists use to model depression

A

tail suspension test and porsolt swim test

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15
Q

what did TCAs do to monkeys separated from their mothers

A

reverse the sad behaviour

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16
Q

what did chlorpromazine do to monkeys separated from their mothers

A

didnt have an effect

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17
Q

what happens when animals are exposed to adverse events to which they have no control over

A

they have decreased motivation to respond

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18
Q

what does the forced swim test model

A

behavioural despair

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19
Q

how do you set up a forced swim experiment

A

they put a tall beaker of water for the rat to swim in and it cant escape, see how long it tries to swim and climb for

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20
Q

do SSRIs work in forced swim

A

no

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21
Q

does buspirone work in forced swim

A

yes

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22
Q

what is the tail suspension test used for

A

antidepressant testing

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23
Q

what does the tail suspension test model for

A

behavioural despair

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24
Q

do SSRIs increase struggling time in tail suspension test

A

yes

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25
Q

how does the open field behaviour test model OCD

A

they see the frequency +time+speed of visits back to the home base
AND rituals performed at home base

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26
Q

what are the 4 most common obsessions in OCD

A

doubt, indecision, contamination and symmetry

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27
Q

what are the 4 most common compulsions in OCD

A

checking, washing, counting and hoarding

28
Q

what is prepulse inhibition

A

when the startle stimulus is given after some mild stimulus - this causes attenuation (they will be less startled)

29
Q

what is PANDAS

A

paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric dictorder associated with streptococcal infections, which gives kids OCD

30
Q

which drugs disrupts prepulse inhibition in rodents

A

apomorphine and phencyclidine

31
Q

what can reverse the effects of apomorphine

A

most antipsychotics

32
Q

which rats are used in the open field behaviour OCD test

A

long-evans

33
Q

what does the open field behaviour test look like

A

open field, 4 plexiglass cubes

34
Q

what type of test is used to model OCD

A

quinpirole-induced complusive checking in open field behaviour test

35
Q

what does the open field behaviour test test for

A

OCD

36
Q

how can you do physical lesions

A

remove part of brain tissue or electrolytic lesion

37
Q

does the quinpirole induced model fir McKinney’s 4 criteria?

A

yes to symptoms and predictive validity (of drugs), similar inducing conditions. so maybe like 75% accurate

38
Q

what is habituation

A

when repeated exposure to a startle stimulus results in less response

39
Q

what chemicals (2) do they use to model parkinsons disease

A

6-OH-DA or MPTP

40
Q

which drug disrupts prepulse inhibition in rodents

A

apomorphine

41
Q

what can reverse the effects of apomorphine

A

most antipsychotics

42
Q

what is apomorphine

A

non-selective DA agonist

43
Q

what is phencyclidine

A

a drug that can also disrupt prepulse inhibition

44
Q

what can reverse the effects of phencyclidine

A

atypical antipsychotics

45
Q

what are the 3 chategories for neurodegenerative diseases

A

mechanical/physical
toxic/chemical
genetic models

46
Q

how can you do physical lesions

A

remove part of brain tissue or electronic lesion

47
Q

how do they do chemical lesions (what kind of chemical)

A

neurotoxic chemicals

48
Q

what disease does the most famous chemical lesion model link to

A

parkinsons

49
Q

what chemical do they use to model parkinsons disease

A

6-OH-DA

50
Q

what does 6-OH-DA do / how does it model parkinsons

A

it is taken up by DA neurons and destroys them

51
Q

what does quinolinic acid do to brain

A

makes an excitotoxic lesion

52
Q

what does MPTP use model

A

parkinsonism (chemical lesion)

53
Q

how does MPTP cause parkinsons like symptoms

A

metabolized by MAO B into a toxic metabolize to mitochondria, kills DA neurons

54
Q

which artery is a good target for stroke models

A

the middle cerebral artery

55
Q

do you do permanent or temporary occlusion the middle cerebral artery

A

either

56
Q

what happens when you occlude the the middle cerebral artery (2)

A

restricted blood flow, apoptosis

57
Q

why would you want to make stroke models

A

to screen fro drugs to test stroke

58
Q

what kind of drugs were developed using stroke models

A

NMDA antagonists

59
Q

what are some downsides to transgenic/knockout mice (4)

A

dont behave as well as rats, harder to train, more biting, more stinky

60
Q

are there knockout rats

A

yes but hard to get and make

61
Q

can animal model reflect human disease and behaviour

A

yes

62
Q

why do we use animal models for drug development

A

because they reflect human disease and behaviour

63
Q

what is optogenetics

A

use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels.

64
Q

how can we turn on neurons with optogenetics

A

stimulate with light (if there is the right excitatory channel that is put into the neuron)

65
Q

what can be an issue with gene knockouts (why do you have to take them with a grain of salt)

A

there can be genetic compensation when you knock out some genes

PMCOL 343 (31 decks)

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