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PMCOL 343 > 6-autonomic > Flashcards

6-autonomic Flashcards

1
Q

what are autacoids

A

local hormones, widely distributed in tissues

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2
Q

what are some autacoids

A

histamine, serotonin, adenosine, vasoactive peptides, lipid-derived mediators (leukotrienes & prostaglandins), cytokines

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3
Q

what are vasoactive peptides

A

involved in neuronal and vascular signalling

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4
Q

what are some physiological roles of histamine

A

immediate allergy and inflammation,
gastric secretion,
neurotransmitter

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5
Q

what are mast cells

A

mediators of inflammation with contact of antigen

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6
Q

where in the stomach are enterochromaffin like cells

A

fundus

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7
Q

how is stomach acid released

A

histamine released onto parietal cells

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8
Q

what cells in the stomach release histamine

A

enterochromaffin-like cells

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9
Q

what are some white blood cells that release histamine

A

basophil granules

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10
Q

what happens to mast cell when exposed to the appropriate antigen

A

degranulate (release granular contents, mostly histamine)

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11
Q

what does insect venom release

A

histaamine

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12
Q

what is the triple response of lewis

A

initial localized red spot, then bright red flare, then wheal

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13
Q

what causes the triple response of lewis

A

local vasodilation, axon reflexes (indirect vasodilation, causes spread), edema

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14
Q

what is neurogeneic inflammation / axon reflex

A

inflammation that requires the presence of nerve fibres

-nerve impulse double backs and sends signal out to periphery

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15
Q

what is released in the axon reflex

A

histamine, substance P, CGRP

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16
Q

what does CGRP and substance P stimulate

A

mast cells, so more histamine is released - positive feedback

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17
Q

what kind of G receptors for H1

A

Gq

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18
Q

what kind of G receptors for H2

A

Gs

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19
Q

what does H1 activation on endothelial cells do

A

NO release to cause vasodilation (similar to M3)

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20
Q

what are the effects of histamine on nerve endings

A

powerful stimulant - pain, itch, axon reflex, neurogenic inflammation

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21
Q

where is histamine a neurotransmitter

A

in tubermammillary nucleus of hypothalamus

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22
Q

what does histamine do to arousal

A

increase

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23
Q

what kind of interactions does histamine make

A

with glial cells

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24
Q

what does histamine do to blood flow

A

regulate cerebral and peripheral flow

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25
Q

what do antihistamines do to sleepiness

A

make you drowzy

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26
Q

what do histamines do to cardiovascular system

A

vasodilate! redness, warmth, headache
edema
tachycardia

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27
Q

what causes the vasodilation in the cardiovascular system

A

H1 nitric oxide mediated effects

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28
Q

what does histamine do to HR

A

reflex tachycardia

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29
Q

what is edema

A

seperation of endothelial cells, plasma proteins leak out and fluid follows

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30
Q

what does histamine do to respiratory system

A

bronchiolar constrictor

31
Q

which H receptor causes bronchiolar constriction

A

H1

32
Q

what does histamine do to gastric acid release

A

increase

33
Q

which H receptor causes gastric acid release and where are they

A

H2 receptor on parietal cells

34
Q

what do parietal cells do

A

release stomach acid

35
Q

how does histamine compare to adrenaline

A

many of the effects are opposite

36
Q

what is anaphylaxis

A

MASSIVE allergic response

37
Q

what causes anaphylaxis (compounds)

A

histamine, but lots of other things - inflammatory soup (bradykinin, substance P, serotonin, prostaglandins, cytokines)

38
Q

what are symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

hypotension, respiratory difficulty, hives, odema

39
Q

why are antihistamines not super helpful with anaphylaxis

A

because there are many more mediators other than histamine

40
Q

what is the best physiological antagonist to histamine

A

adrenaline

41
Q

what kind of agonist or antagonist can impair mast cell degranulation

A

beta 2 agonists

42
Q

what does cromolyn do

A

prevents mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators and histamine
-for asthma

43
Q

what does nedocromil do

A

prevents mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators and histamine
-for asthma

44
Q

what do older H1 antagonists do

A

produce sedation, some cause local anesthesia (block Na channel)

45
Q

what do some older H1 antagonists have as off target effects

A

anticholinergic, alpha1 and serotonin receptor blocking effects (promiscous)

46
Q

are H1 antagonists good for asthma or anaphylaxis

A

noooo

because it is an alpha1 blocker (i think thats why idk)

47
Q

what are good clinical uses for H1 antagonists

A

hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
sleeping pills
motion sickness

48
Q

why are some H1 antagonists drowzy and others arent

A

some can and cant get through the BBB

49
Q

what is diphenhydramine

A

H1 antagonist,

benadryl, classic antihistamine sedative

50
Q

what is dimenhydrinate

A

H1 antagonist,
gravol
anti-motionsicknes, sedative

51
Q

what is loratidine

A

H1 antagonist,

claritin, non sedative antihistamine, seasonal rhinitis

52
Q

what is the use for H2 antagonists

A

reduce acid secretion in stomach

53
Q

what is ranitidine

A

H2 antagonist, reduce acid in stomach

54
Q

what is adenosine

A

cardiac autacoid and neurotransmitter

55
Q

what does adenosine do to lungs

A

bronchospasm!!!

56
Q

what g protein receptor is A1

A

Gi

57
Q

what g protein receptor is A2

A

Gs

58
Q

what g protein receptor is A3

A

Gi

59
Q

what does it mean when i say adenosine is a cardiac autacoid

A

released locally in heart

60
Q

what does adenosine do to heart

A

slows heart rate and vasodilate

61
Q

what is theophylline

A

(adenosine antagonist)
antagonizes bronchoconstrictor effect of adenosine
-used sometimes for asthma

62
Q

what does caffeine do

A

antagonist to adenosine, CNS stimulant

63
Q

what receptors do adenosine antagonists work at

A

A1, A2, A3

64
Q

what do adenosine antagonists do to cAMP levels and how

A

increases it because it inhibits cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

65
Q

what happens when you combine beta agonists and adenosine antagonists (cAMP)

A

increase cAMP levels because beta agonists are Gs and adenosine antagonists inhibit cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase

66
Q

what does salbutamol do and which receptors

A

b2 agonist, rescue inhaler (for asthma attacks)

67
Q

what happens with repeated administration of salbutamol

A

b2 downregulation

68
Q

what does ipratropium do and what kind of drug is it

A

muscarinic antagonist for COPD

69
Q

how does ipratropium work

A

helps remove parasympathetic tone so that the lungs can dilate

70
Q

what does montelukast do

A

antagonizes leukotriene B4 (prophylactic for asthma)

71
Q

what do corticosteroids do

A

anti-inflammatory, for asthma

72
Q

what does cromolyn do

A

prevents mast cell degranulation, for asthma

73
Q

what are biologics and when are they used

A

interleukin 5 antibodies (to stop it from interacting with its receptor)
good for severe asthma

74
Q

how are biologics given

A

subcutaneous injection WAHHH

PMCOL 343 (31 decks)

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