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PMCOL 343 > 1 - autonomic > Flashcards

1 - autonomic Flashcards

1
Q

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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2
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic and intrinsic

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3
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system (general)

A

not under direct conscious control

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4
Q

what is the somatic nervous system (general)

A

voluntary, using skeletal muscle

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5
Q

what part of the nervous system controls nearly every organ in the body

A

the autonomic nervous system (para/sympathetic)

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6
Q

how can drugs affect the autonomic nervous system

A

positively-heart disease, resp. disease, GI… lots

negatively- as bad side effects from other drugs

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7
Q

where in the spine does the sympathetic nervous system originate

A

thoracic and lumbar

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8
Q

where in the spine does the parasympathetic nervous system originate

A

cranial and sacral

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9
Q

where does the vagus nerve originate from in the spine

A

cranial

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10
Q

what is the autonomic division that is thoracolumbar

A

sympathetic

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11
Q

what is the autonomic division that is cranialsacral

A

parasympathetic

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12
Q

what makes up the intrinsic divisions of the ANS

A

the enteric nervous system and the intracardiac nervous system

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13
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

innervation in the gut, doenst go beyond the gut

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14
Q

how can you compare the effects of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nerves

A

they exert opposite effects (usually)

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15
Q

what do all nerves leaving the CNS use as a neurotransmitter

A

ACh

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16
Q

what happens in the somatic efferent system (neurotransmitters and locations)

A

ACh released from CNS onto nic receptors onto skeletal muscle

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17
Q

what happens in the parasympathetic efferent system (neurotransmitters and locations)

A

ACh released on Nic receptor, then ACh released on mus receptor

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18
Q

what happens in the sympathetic efferent system (neurotransmitters and locations)

A

pre releases ACh on nic receptor, then post releases NA on most things
but some post release ACh onto mus receptors (sweat glands)
and some release ACh on nic recpetors (adrenal medulla)

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19
Q

where do the sympathetic ganglia lie

A

paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic chain

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20
Q

what is the neurotransmitter used by sympathetic preganglionic fibres
where does it act on

A

ACh, acts on ganglionic nicotinic receptors (nAChR)

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21
Q

what is the neurotransmitter used by sympathetic postganglionic fibres
where does it act on

A

NA (mainly)

but ACh on sweat glands (mus) and ACh on adrenal medulla (nic)

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22
Q

what are chromaffin cells and where are they found

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the adrenal medulla

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23
Q

what do chromaffin cells release

A

NA

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24
Q

are neuropeptides used in the signalling of sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

A

both

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25
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to to smooth muscle (+the exception)

A

causes smooth muscle contraction

but relaxes the gut

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26
Q

what does the hypothalamus and medulla do with the sympathetic nervous system

A

interacts the sensory and the motor side of the sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

what parts of the body interact with the sensory and motor side of the sympathetic nervous systems

A

the hypothalamus and the medulla

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28
Q

what is sympathetic syndrome

A

the fight or flight discharge or the SNS

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29
Q

which nerve is the vagus nerve

A

the Xth cranial nerve

30
Q

where do parasympathetic ganglia lie

A

in target tissues

31
Q

what do parasympathetic preganglia use as a neurotransmitter

which receptors does it go to

A

ACh which acts on ganglionic nicotinic receptors (nAChR)

32
Q

what do parasympathetic postganglia use as a neurotransmitter

which receptors does it go to

A

ACh which acts on muscarinic receptors (mAChR)

33
Q

what is parasympathetic syndrome

A

a lie! not real. it would involve you being dead (heart stope and poop pants)

34
Q

what does the reflex system of parasympathetic nervous system have

A 
afferent fibres
(idk random bullet point)
35
Q

does the hypothalamus & medulla work with both sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

yes

36
Q

what makes up the enteric nervous system

A

myenteric plexus

submucous plexus

37
Q

what does the myenteric plexus do and where is it

A

buried in muscle of gut, makes the peristaltic movements

38
Q

what does the submucous plexus do and where is it

A

under the mucous and helps with stomach acid and digestive enzyme secretion

39
Q

does the myenteric plexus or the submucous plexus have more neurons

A

myenteric plexus

40
Q

what really does the enteric system mean/do (general definition)

A

endogenous gut neurons involved in peristaltic and secretory reflexes

41
Q

what kind of input is given from sympathetic nerves to the enteric nervous system

A

inhibitory adrenergic input

42
Q

what kind of input is given from parasympathetic nerves to the enteric nervous system

A

excitatory cholinergic input

43
Q

what are 4 of the transmitters used in the enteric nervous system

A

ACh, 5-HT, ATP, neuropeptides

44
Q

draw the structure of acetylcholine

A

yeet

45
Q

where is acetyl CoA synthesized ?

A

mitochondria

46
Q

how is choline transported into the nerve terminals

A

Na+ dependent carrier

47
Q

how is ACh synthesized in the cytoplasm

A

choline acetyl transferase

48
Q

how is ACh transported into vesicles

A

antiporter that exchanges ACh for protons

49
Q

what molecule does ACh release depend on?

A

Ca2+

50
Q

what is Ca2+ influx triggered by

A

action potential

51
Q

what happens once ACh is released from the neuron

A

acts on postsynaptic receptors (nicotinic and muscarinic) OR it is decgraded by acetylcholinesterase

52
Q

what enzyme degrades ACH

A

acetylcholinesterase

53
Q

where does ACh interact with nAChR

A

in autonomic ganglia or skeletal muscle

54
Q

where does ACh interact with mAChR

A

visceral targets

55
Q

what does ACh from parasympathetic postganglionic nerves activate

A

mAChR (muscarinic cholinergic receptors)

56
Q

what kind of structure is mAChR

A

heptahelical, transmembrane

57
Q

what kind of system does the mAChR receptor follow

A

G protein coupled

58
Q

what does metabotropic mean

A

G protein coupled (has 2nd messenger)

59
Q

what G protein messenger system does M1 act through

A

Gq

60
Q

what G protein messenger system does M3 act through

A

Gq

61
Q

what G protein messenger system does M2 act through

A

Gi and Go alpha

62
Q

what is the Gq pathway (3 steps)

A

phospholipase C turns PIP2 into IP3 and DAG, IP3 gets Ca released from ER, PKC is activated by DAG

63
Q

how does M3 agonist cause vasodilation in endothelial cells

A

Gq increases Ca++, activates nitric oxide synthase which makes NO whichdiffuses into smooth muscle cells, activates guanylyl cyclase, cGMP generated, relaxes vascular smooth muscle

64
Q

are there cholinergic receptors in endothelial cells that relax blood vessels

A

no, they are relaxed indirectly via M3 agonists & NO(nitric oxide)

65
Q

what are the steps of Gi (3 things)

A

adenylyl cyclase is inhibited which reduces cytosolic levels of cAMP
-act through beta gamma subunits of Gi and Go to open GIRK channels (K+ leaves, hypopolarization)

66
Q

what are GIRK channels

A

G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels

67
Q

what kind of channels are nAChR

A

ligand gated ion channels which are Na+/K+ permeable

-depolarization

68
Q

what are nAChR like in the ganglia

A

excitatory post synaptic potential

69
Q

what are nAChR like in the skeletal muscle (voluntary, like diaphragm)

A

excitatory junction potential

70
Q

what are the subunits of the nAChR channel

A

transmembrane

-alpha (1-10), beta (1-4), gamma, delta, epsilon

71
Q

what binds to nAChR ion channels and where

A

there are 2 ACh binding sites at the interface between alpha subunits

72
Q

whats the difference with ganglionic and neuromuscular nicotinic receptors

A

the adult muscle (neuromuscular) has alpha 1 and the ganglionic has alpha 3 (not 1)

PMCOL 343 (31 decks)

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