Animal Kingdom_Bilateria Part I Flashcards
1
Q
are animals that lack a backbone
A
Invertebrates
2
Q
They account for 95% of known animal species
A
Invertebrates
3
Q
They are morphologically diverse
A
- Invertebrates
4
Q
an invertebrate that has tentacles for gas exchange and feeding
A
Christmas tree worm
5
Q
(Spirobranchus giganteus)
A
Christmas tree worm
6
Q
a clade identified by molecular data, have the widest range of animal body forms
A
Lophotrochozoans
7
Q
have bilateral symmetry and
triploblastic development
A
- Bilaterian animals
8
Q
Most have a coelom and a digestive tract with two
openings
A
- Bilaterian animals
9
Q
clade Bilateria contains
A
Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa,
and Deuterostomia
10
Q
was identified by molecular
data
A
Lophotrochozoa
11
Q
- Some develop a lophophore for feeding
A
Lophotrochozoa
12
Q
others pass
through a trochophore——–
A
larval stage
13
Q
Lophotrochozoa includes
A
flatworms, rotifers,
ectoprocts, brachiopods, molluscs, and annelids
14
Q
(Phylum Platyhelminthes)
A
Flatworms
15
Q
phylum of Flatworms
A
(Phylum Platyhelminthes)
16
Q
live in marine,
freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
A
Platyhelminthes
17
Q
Although flatworms undergo triploblastic development,
they are
A
acoelomates
18
Q
undergo triploblastic development and
they are acoelomates
A
flatworms
19
Q
are flattened dorsoventrally and have a
gastrovascular cavity with one opening
A
Flatworms
20
Q
Flatworms have a
gastrovascular cavity with
A
one opening
21
Q
their Gas exchange takes place across the surface
A
Flatworms
22
Q
Gas exchange takes place across the surface, and
protonephridia
A
Flatworms
23
Q
regulate the osmotic balance
A
protonephridia
24
Q
4 classes of phylum platyhelminthes
A
turbellaria
trematoda
monogenea
cestoidea
25
most marine, some freshwater, a few terestrial. are predators and scavengers and their body surface is ciliated
turbellaria
26
marine and freshwater parasites; most infect external surfaces of fishes; life history simple; a ciliated larva starts an infection on a host
monogenea
27
parasites, almost always of vertebrates; two suckers attach to host; most life histories include intermediate hosts
trematoda
28
parasites of vertebrates;scolex attaches to host; proglottids produce eggs and break off after ferilization; no head or digestive system; life history with one or more intermediate hosts
cestoidea
29
are mostly free-living flatworms
turbellaria
30
class of monogeneans
monogenea
31
class of trematodes, also called flukes
trematoda
32
class of tapeworms
cestoidea
33
class of flastworms that are Mostly free-living (non-parasitic)
Turbellarians
34
the class of flastworms that Feed on small animals, dead animals
Turbellarians
35
Very flat for O2 exchange. They have no gas exchange organs.
Turbellarians
36
The best-known rhabditophorans are
planarians
37
rhabditophorans are ----
flatworms
38
live in fresh water and prey on smaller animals
Planarians
39
have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets
Planarians
40
Planarians have light-sensitive
eyespots
41
Planarians have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized
nerve nets
42
The planarian nervous system is more
complex
43
their nervous system is more complex and
centralized than the nerve nets of cnidarians
planarian
44
are hermaphrodites and can reproduce
sexually, or asexually through fission
Planarians
45
Planarians are hermaphrodites and can reproduce sexually, or asexually through
fission
46
they live in or on other animals
Parasitic rhabditophorans
47
Two important groups of parasitic rhabditophorans are
the
trematodes and the tapeworms
48
2 classes that Live as parasites
Monogenea
Trematoda
49
Trematodes parasitize
vertebrates.
50
parasitize vertebrates.
Trematodes
51
parasitize a wide range of hosts, and most
have complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages
Trematodes
52
Trematodes that parasitize humans spend part of their
lives in
snail hosts
53
parasitize humans spend part of their lives in snail hosts
Trematodes
54
They produce surface proteins that mimic their host and release molecules that manipulate the host’s immune system
Trematodes
55
another class of flatworms that Live as parasites
Cestoda
56
class of (tapeworms)
Cestoda
57
their Head contains suckers and hooks that lock onto the intestinal lining of the host.
Cestoda
58
Their rest of the body is mostly units called proglottids that are sex organs.
Cestoda
59
their Eggs transferred to new hosts by consuming fecal contaminated water.
Cestoda
60
cestoda's Eggs transferred to new hosts by consuming
fecal contaminated water
61
are parasites of vertebrates and lack a digestive system
Tapeworms
62
absorb nutrients from the host’s
intestine
Tapeworms
63
Tapeworms absorb nutrients from the
host’s intestine
64
contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host
scolex
65
are units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the scolex
Proglottids
66
Proglottids are units that contain sex organs and form a ribbon behind the
scolex
67
are produced by sexual reproduction, leave the host’s body in feces
Fertilized eggs
68
Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave
the host’s body in
feces
69
The free-living
flatworms comprise a large, and possibly,
unrelated collection of taxa.
Turbellarian Clade
70
have a ciliated epidermis,
Turbellarian Clade:
71
use to swim and large taxa use to creep over the substrate.
ciliated epidermis
72
defined by the
synapomorphy of a syncytial epidermis,
Neodermata
73
the synapomorphy of a syncytial epidermis called a
neodermis or cuticle,
74
This clade includes the parasitic flatworms, most of which utilize more than one host in the life cycle.
Neodermata
75
Members of this clade
have a larval form that has bands of
ciliated epithelium which alternate
with syncytial neoderm
Trematoda
76
a larval form that has bands of
ciliated epithelium which alternate with
syncytial neoderm
77
are the primary hosts of trematoda
Mollusks
78
in this class Mollusks
are the primary hosts
Trematoda
79
are leaf-shaped animals
with a sucker at the anterior end
and one on the ventral side
Digeneid
80
This small group of
flukes is similar to the
digeneids
Aspidogastrea
81
They also are similar with
regard to details of their life
histories in which they make ciliated
larvae and alternate between a
mollusk and a vertebrate, usually a
fish or a turtle
Aspidogastrea
82
(most of the Monogenians and Cestodes) are defined by the occurrence of a cercomere,
Cercomeromorphae
83
, a posterior hook-bearing
structure on the larva.
cercomere
84
monogeneids look like the
trematodes
85
The monogeneids look like the
trematodes, but they have no
intermediate host
86
Mostly they are
ectoparasites on fish.
monogeneids
87
The tapeworms are the
most derived of the parasitic
flatworms
Cestodes
88
The tapeworms are the
most derived of the parasitic
flatworms
89
the phylum that are tiny animals that inhabit
fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil
phylum Rotifera
90
phylum of Rotifers
phylum Rotifera
91
are smaller than many protists but are truly
multicellular and have specialized organ systems
Rotifers
92
Lophophorates have a
lophophore
93
have a lophophore
Lophophorates
94
a crown of ciliated
tentacles around their mouth
lophophore
95
Lophophorates have a true
coelom
96
have a true coelom
Lophophorates
97
Lophophorates include two phyla:
Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda
98
(also called bryozoans)
Ectoprocts
99
Ectoprocts (also called
bryozoans)
100
are sessile colonial
animals that superficially resemble plants
Ectoprocts
101
Ectoprocts (also called bryozoans) are sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble
plants
102
they have A hard exoskeleton encases the colony, and some species are reef builders
Ectoprocts
103
some Ectoprocts species are
reef builders
104
superficially resemble clams and other
hinge-shelled molluscs, but the two halves of the shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral as in clams
Brachiopods
105
are marine and attach to the seafloor by a stalk
Brachiopods
106
Brachiopods are marine and attach to the seafloor by a
stalk
107
includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids
Phylum Mollusca
108
are mostly are marine, though some inhabit fresh water and some snails and slugs are terrestrial
Molluscs
109
are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell
Molluscs
110
Molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a
hard shell
111
All molluscs have a similar body plan with three main
parts
* Muscular foot
* Visceral mass
* Mantle
112
Many --------- also have a water-filled mantle cavity and feed using a rasplike radula
molluscs
113
Many molluscs also have a water-filled
mantle cavity
114
Many molluscs feed using a rasplike
radula
115
have separate sexes with gonads located in the visceral mass
molluscs
116
Most molluscs have separate sexes with gonads located
in the
visceral mass
117
many snails are
hermaphrodites
118
The life cycle of many molluscs includes a ciliated larval
stage called a
trochophore
119
their life cycles includes a ciliated larval stage called a trochophore
molluscs
120
Four of the major classes of molluscs
Polyplacophora
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda
121
(chitons)
Polyplacophora
122
(snails and slugs)
Gastropoda
123
(clams, oysters, and other bivalves)
Bivalvia
124
(squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and
chambered nautiluses)
Cephalopoda
125
marine;shell with eight plates; foot used for locomotion; head reduced
polyplacophora
126
are marine,freshwater, or terrestrial; assymetric body, usually with a coiled shell; shell reduced or absent in some; foot for locomotion; radula present
gastropoda
127
marine and freshwater, flattened shell with two valces; head reduced; paired gills; most are filter-feeders; mantle forms siphons
bivalvia
128
marine; head surrounded by grasping tentcales, suaully with suckers; shell external, internal, or absent; mmouth with or without radula; locomotion by jet propulsion using siphon made from mantle
cephalopoda
129
are oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates
Chitons
130
Chitons are oval-shaped marine animals encased in an
armor of
eight dorsal plates
131
They use their foot like a suction cup to grip rock
Chitons
132
their radula to scrape algae off the rock surface
Chitons
133
About three-quarters of all living species of molluscs are
gastropods
134
8 parts of gastropod shell
- protoconch
- shell whorl
- spire
- aperture
- outer lip
- siphonal canal
- shell sculpture
- chirality
135
is one 360 degrees of this shell spiral
shell whorl
136
these can often called as "layer" down the spire of the shell has a single
body whorl
137
it is the largest section of the shell where gastropods body resided at the stage of growth
body whorl
138
the smaller shell make up the --- of the shell
spire
139
is the primary opening in the shell that the mollusk body, foot, and head enter and exit in order for it to interact with the environment
aperture
140
living gastropods have an
operculum
141
a hars calcified "door" that they can use to plug up the aperture
operculum
142
allows them to seal of from the outside protecting them from predators or other dangerous environmental conditions
operculum
143
the tecture on the outside of a shell is called the
shell sculpture
144
shell is typically oriented in one of two parallel or perpendicular to the
coiling
145
sculpture parallel to the axis of coiling is called
axial sculpture
146
sculpture arranged in perpecndicular to this axis is
spiral sculpture
147
most gastropods have ===
spiral shells
148
allows them to extend the shell from the aperture to make a continuously larger compartment for their bodies as they grow
spiral shape
149
refers to the direction in which the shell spirals
chirality
150
is the aperture is on the right side of the shell it is
dextral
151
right-handed gastropod
dextral
152
if the aperture is on the left side of the shell its called
sinistral
153
left-handed
sinistral
154
Most ----- are marine, but many are freshwater
and terrestrial species
gastropods
155
The most distinctive characteristic of gastropods is
torsion
156
causes the animal’s anus and mantle to end up above its head
torsion
157
is different from the
coiling of a shell
torsion
158
torsion is different from the
coiling of a
shell
159
Most have a single, spiraled shell
gastropods
160
lack a shell or have a reduced shell
Slugs
161
are marine and include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and scallops
Bivalves
162
* They have a shell divided into two halves drawn together by adductor muscles
Bivalves
163
Bivalves have a shell divided into two halves drawn
together by
adductor muscles
164
some ---- have eyes and sensory tentacles along the edge of their mantle
bivalves
165
------- of a bivalve contains gills that are
used for feeding as well as gas exchange
mantle cavity
166
are carnivores with beak-like jaws
surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot
Cephalopods
167
creep along the sea floor in search of prey
octopuses
168
use their siphon to fire a jet of water, which
allows them to swim very quickly
Squids
169
allows squids to fire a jet of water, which
allows them to swim very quickly
siphon
170
One small group of shelled cephalopods ----- survives today
nautiluses
171
have a closed circulatory system, well-
developed sense organs, and a complex brain
Cephalopods
172
Shelled cephalopods called ------- were common but went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous 65.5 million years ago
ammonites
173
were common but went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous 65.5 million years ago
ammonites
174
are the animal group with the largest number
of recent extinctions
Molluscs
175
most threatened groups of molluscs are
pearl mussels
Pacific island land snails
176
Freshwater bivalves, including
pearl mussels
177
Terrestrial gastropods, including
Pacific island land snails
178
are threatened by habitat loss,
pollution, and non-native species
molluscs
179
have bodies composed of a series of fused rings
Annelids
180
Annelids are
coelomates
181
Annelids have bodies composed of a series of
fused rings
182
The phylum Annelida is divided into two groups
Polychaeta
Oligochaeta
183
(polychaetes)
Polychaeta
184
(earthworms and their relatives, and leeches)
Oligochaeta
185
reduced head; no parapodia, but setae present
oligochatea
186
well-developed head; each segment usually has parapodia with setae; tube-dwelling and free-living
polychaeta
187
body usually flattened, with reduced ceolom and segmentation; setae absent; suckers at anterior and posterior ends; parasites, predator, and scavengers
hirudinea
188
3 classes of phylum annelida
oligochaeta
polychaeta
hirudinea
189
have paddle-like
parapodia that work as gills and aid in locomotion
class Polychaetes
190
Most polychaetes are
marine
191
are named for
relatively sparse chaetae, bristles made of chitin
(class Oligochaeta)
192
Oligochaetes (class Oligochaeta) are named for relatively sparse chaetae, bristles made of
chitin
193
Oligochaetes (class Oligochaeta) are named for
relatively sparse
chaetae
194
eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the
soil moves through the alimentary canal
Earthworms
195
are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize
Earthworms
196
Earthworms are hermaphrodites but
cross-fertilize
197
Earthworms eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves through the
alimentary canal
198
Some reproduce asexually by fragmentation
Earthworms
199
some Earthworms reproduce asexually by
fragmentation
200
Most species of -------- live in fresh water; some are marine or terrestrial
leeches
201
include predators of invertebrates, and
parasites that suck blood
Leeches
202
they secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent
blood from coagulating
Leeches
203
chemical which prevents
blood from coagulating
hirudin
204
are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle
Ecdysozoans
205
Ecdysozoans are covered by a tough coat called a
cuticle
206
are the most species-rich
animal group
Ecdysozoans
207
The cuticle is shed or molted through a process called
ecdysis
208
they have a cuticle which sheds or molted
Ecdysozoans
209
are found in most aquatic
habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals
Nematodes
210
roundworms
Nematodes
211
They have an alimentary canal, but lack a circulatory
system
Nematodes
212
Reproduction in nematodes is usually sexual, by
internal fertilization
213
their reproduction is usually sexual, by internal
fertilization
nematodes
214
Some species of ----- are important parasites of
plants and animals
nematodes
215
Some species of nematodes are important parasites of
plants and animals
216
can be acquired by humans from
undercooked pork
Trichinella spiralis
217
Trichinella spiralis can be acquired by humans from
undercooked pork
218
(also called the Aphasmida)
Adenophorea
219
seems to be the most primitive
group of nematodes
Adenophorea
220
is a monophyletic
group defined by the presence of phasmids
Secerentea
221
(Phasmida)
Secerentea
222
this worm
emerges as a whitish
filament (duration of
emergence: 1 to 3 weeks)
in the center of a painful
ulcer, accompanied by
inflammation and
frequently by secondary
bacterial infection
drancuncunculus medinensis
