TRANSFORMATIVE SERIES AND POLARITY Flashcards
a character with only two characters
binary characters
these are onky 2 states possible for binary characters
presence and absence
it obviously means onl one transformation series exists
binary character
it is when after the characters and character states have been selected and defined and homology assessed
Transformative series
it is when the character states for each character are arranged in a sequence
transformative series
it also represents the hypothesized sequence of evolutionary change
transformative series
2 changes that may occur in transformative series
- from one character state to another
- in terms of direction and probability
it is not usually in binary state but in multistate character in nature
Transformative series
are characters having 3 or more character states
multistate characters
it can be arranged in transformation series that are either ordered or unordered
multistate characters
it allows for each character state to or could evolve into every other character state with equal probability
unordered tranformation series
it assumes character state can change directly to any other state without going through any intermediate states
unordered transformation series
here any state can transform to any other state directly denoted with the help of double-pointed arrows
unordered transformation series
it is denoted by double-pointed <——–> arrows
unordered transformation series
it limits characters state transformation to a predetermined sequence of specific character state changes
ordered transformation series
2 states of characters
binary characters
multistate characters
2 types of transformation series with multistate characters
unordered transformation series
ordered transformation series
multistate characters can be arranged in transformation series that are either ——- or —–
unordered or ordered
it has steps and orders
ordered transformation series
here, evolutionary change proceeds gradually
ordered transformation series
its evolutionary chages go from one extreme to another most likely entails passing through some recognizable intermediate conditions
ordered tranformation series
it changes does not jump but they undergo steps before becoming the next character
ordered transformation series
it is one in which the relative apomorphy and plesiomorphy of characters has been determined by an appropriate criterion
polarized transformation series
it is the determination of which is ancestral or deroved is needed
polarized transformation series
