Animal Human Conflict

Question 1

Which of the following is a defintion of human-wildlife conflict and coexistence?
A. conflict that occurs between humans and wildlife
B. actions by humans or wildlife that have an adverse effect on the other
C. threats posed by wildlife to human life, economic security, or recreation
D. the perception that wildlife threatens human safety, health, food, and property
E. A and B
F. A, B, and C
G. A and D
H. all of the above

Answer 1

H. all of the above

Question 1

Because humans are the dominant ecological force on the planet, the conflict between humans wildlife has resulted in … (3 things)

Answer 1

1. extinction of numerous species
2. changes in ecosystem structure and function
3. immeasurable loss of human life, crops, livestock, and property

Question 2

The ability of early hominids to survive competition by other species molded humans as super-predators. This was achieved through … (4 things)

Answer 2

1. predator avoidance
2. social adaptations
3. technological development
4. capacity to share technologies and information within the species.

Question 3

A decline in _________ contributes to increased conflicts between humans and the remaining wildlife that compete for resources.

Answer 3

large predators.

over time, humans have induced a reduction in large predatory animals and this has resulted in cascading ecological consequences on other species and ecosystems.

Question 4

In past years, competition for _____ has escalated as a result of increasing human numbers and movement.

Answer 4

space

Question 5

How has human perception and attitudes changed?

Answer 5

• shift toward awareness of the value of biological diversity and species conservation
• better information, investigative tools and modeling, laws, and creative ways to manage wildlife
• seek a balance between protecting species while meeting needs of the local community

overall – shifting towards coexistence.

Question 6

which of the following statements is FALSE in regards to conflict in large carnivores and herbivores?
A. felids and carnivores are at greatest risk due to large home ranges, large physical size, and their dietary requirements
B. the feeding needs of large herbivores results in invasion of human cultivated land
C. the frequency of conflict is influenced by predator availability

Answer 6

C. the frequency of conflict is influenced by predator availability

(correct statement would be: the frequency of conflict is influenced by PREY availability)

Question 7

How do agricultural pests cause conflict?

Answer 7

• consume supplies like cattle feed
• spread disease
• many ag pests are invasive
• leading cause of agricultural damage

Question 8

what is the common managemnet approach for agricultural pests?

Answer 8

eradication or dispersion (relocation)

Question 9

What species is responsible for 99% of the reported 55,000 annual human fatalities due to rabies?

Answer 9

Dogs - both feral and domestic

Question 10

What species is responsible for killing 1.4-4 billion birds and 6.3-22.3 billion small mammals per year?

Answer 10

cats - both domestic and feral

Question 11

what species causes excessive tramping and grazing of pasture land which limits their food sources and impacts resources and habitats for native wild species?

Answer 11

australian wild horses

Question 12

WHY do wild horses cause conflict with rural human populations and communities in the US?

Answer 12

grass and crop damage

Question 13

what are conflicts between marine species and humans?

Answer 13

• attacks by predatory marine animals on humans
• collisions between marine animals and boats
• human pollution of marine habitats
• depopulation through fishing
• removal and relocation for tourism and entertainment

Question 14

what are some conflicts between humans and reptiles?(4)

Answer 14

• transplantation through owner release
• human expansion into habitats
• reduced availability of typical prey
• attacks on pets and humans

Question 15

what are 3 factors that influence conflict frequency between humans and animals?

Answer 15

1. global trends
2. biological and ecological factors
3. human behavior

Question 16

What are 2 factors of global trends that are influencing human-wildlife conflict?

Answer 16

1. global urbanization and associated economic activity - there are more humans living in urban environments than rural
2. increases in livestock grazing and agricultural land – 30% of the planets ice-free terrestrial surface is occupied by livestock. this increased livestock grazing and land dedicated to agriculture increases risk and freq of human-wildlife conflict.

Question 17

what are 4 biological factors the influence human-wildlife conflict?

Answer 17

1. animal age – young animals roam larger territories and engage in riskier activities; old disabled animals are more likely to engage in livestock depredation.
2. human intrusion into animal territory
3. animal sex – male elephants more likely to raid cropland and have larger ranging areas
4. learned-raiding behaviors

Question 18

what are 3 ecological factors influencing human-wildlife conflict?

Answer 18

1. shrinking resources and overlap between agriculture and animal habitats
2. temporal patterns related to behaviors
3. overlapping spatial distribution of species and humans with larger ranging species MORE likely to interface with people as ecosystems contract.

Question 19

what are 4 human factors influencing human-wildlife conflict?

Answer 19

• cultural and emotional experiences
• economics
  -governance
• stakeholder engagement (how much ppl care)
• risk perception (large species generate MORE concern than small and have greater potential to do harm or spread disease
• increased human agricultural activities (poor livestock management and husbandry – moving animals to more vulnerable locations
• wildlife presence in urban areas

Question 20

Conflict is a dynamic relationship, thus solutions need to be …

Answer 20

dynamic

Question 21

What is/are example(s) of the lethal control method for managing wildlife?

Answer 21

Selective or complete eradication

Question 22

What is/are example(s) of the nonlethal control of managing wildlife?

Answer 22

1. translocation
2. barriers and exclusionary devices (can keep wildlife in, reduce movement of unwanted invasive species, inhibit transmission of disease, and protect endangered species; these can be small scale or large scale)
3. guarding, restraints, and repellents (human guarding = most successful; guard dogs and animals; restraints and traps to capture animals for removal; and repellants like fear-provoking chemicals, tools, or stimuli)