Animal Diversity Unit 3 test Flashcards
Where are Gastrotricha located?
FW, marine
what are the 2 species in Mesozoa?
Rhombozoa, Orthonectida
what does gastrotrich mean?
hairy belly
what is the synapomorphy of Ecdysozoa?
ecdysis
Gastrotricha characteristics
w spines or bristles on dorsal cuticle; Many species are all females, some hermaphroditic
Orthonectida characteristics
symbionts/parasites of invertebrates; Adults are multinucleate amoeboid forms
what is Panarthropoda?
Subclade of Ecdysozoa; includes Tardigrada, Onychophora and Arthropoda
Rhombozoa characteristics
symbionts; tiny, wormlike; few cells
where do Rhombozoa live?
inside kidneys of cephalopods
what phyla are in Ecdysozoa?
Arthropoda and Nematoda, other smaller phyla
what is ecdysis?
periodic molting of cuticle/exoskeleton
what are the synapomorphies of Panarthropoda?
Multiple pairs of appendages; Arthropod-like claws
what animals are in Chelicerata?
spiders, scorpions, ticks, sea spiders
what are the groups in Arthropoda?
Chelicerata, Pancrustacea, Myriapoda
what groups are in Pancrustacea?
crustacea, hexapoda
what does “Paraphyletic w respect to” mean?
some crustaceans more closely related to Hexapoda then other crustaceans
what animals are in crustacea?
crabs, crayfish, shrimps
what animals are in Hexapoda?
insects
what animals are in Myriapoda?
millipedes, centipedes
what are some Arthropoda Synapomorphies?
Exoskeleton covering body, compound eyes, jointed appendages
characteristics of exoskeleton covering body in arthropods?
Hard, flexible cuticle, secreted by epidermis; Made of chitin and proteins, sometimes calcified; Waxy outer layer in terrestrial arthropods; During ecdysis, 2 outer layers shed - inner layer dissolved and reabsorbed
characteristics of compound eyes in arthropods?
few - several photoreceptive units (ommatidia)
What are the 2 tagmata in Chelicerata and what do they mean?
Prosoma = head and legs; opisthosoma = “abdomen”
what are the 2 groups under Chelicerates?
Pycnogonida, Euchelicerata
characteristics of limbs in Chelicerata?
Uniramous limbs (1 main branch): 2 pairs of head appendages; Usually 4 pairs of walking legs; Some limbs may be chelate
what animals are in Pycnogonida?
sea spiders
Pycnogonida characteristics
Marine; feed on soft-bodied animals (cnidarians) w proboscis
what animals are Acariformes?
mites
what groups are under Euchelicerata?
Acariformes, Parasitiformes and Pseudoscorpiones; Opiliones; Solifugae, Ricinulei and Xiphosura; Arachnopulmonata
Euchelicerata characteristics?
mostly terrestrial
what animals are Opiliones?
harvestmen, “daddy longlegs”
Acariformes characteristics
diverse (~1 mil species); predators, scavengers, parasites
what animals are Parasitiformes?
ticks
what animals are Solifugae?
sun spiders
what animals are Pseudoscorpiones?
pseudoscorpions
what animals are Xiphosura?
horseshoe crabs
what animals are Araneae?
spiders
Opiliones characteristics
Generalist predators/scavengers, No venom/silk, Defensive scent glands on prosoma
what groups are in Arachnopulmonata?
Araneae and Pedipalpi; Scorpiones
Araneae characteristics
diverse, common predators
what animals are Pedipalpi?
whip scorpions, tailless whip scorpions
Pedipalpi characteristics
spray vinegar-like substance when disturbed
what animals are Scorpiones?
scorpions
Scorpiones characteristics
Large pedipalps, jointed tail w venom-injecting barb
how does gas exchange happen in horseshoe crabs?
Book gills w thin lamellae (sheets)
Chelicerate Physiology characteristics
Gas exchange; Open circulatory system, dorsal heart in hemocoel; Excretion via Malpighian tubules
how does gas exchange happen in Arachnopulmonata?
Book lungs
how does gas exchange happen in terrestrial arachnids except scorpions?
Tracheae → tube system brings air to tissues; NOT HOMOLOGOUS
what do Malpighian tubules do?
tubes that filter wastes from blood, empty to gut
what animals are in crustacea?
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, others
Crustacea limb characteristics
Limbs have 2 main branches (endopod, exopod), often w gill (epipod); Endopods for walking, exopods for swimming
what animals are Branchiopoda?
“leafy” limbed, suspension feeders
what animals are Maxillopoda?
Copepoda, Cirripedia
What’s this condition called (limbs w 2 branches)?
biramous
what animals are Anostraca?
fairy, brine shrimp
what happens in Crustacea respiration?
gills extend from limb bases under carapace
important subgroups w/in Crustacea include:
Branchiopoda, Anostraca, Cladocera, Maxillopoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca, Brachyura, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Astacidea
what animals are Cladocera?
“water fleas” (Daphnia)
what animals are Copepoda?
important marine/FW plankton
what animals are Cirripedia?
barnacles (sessile crustaceans)
what animals are Malacostraca?
most “typical” crustaceans
what animals are Amphipoda?
scuds
what animals are Brachyura?
true crabs
what animals are Isopoda?
marine and terrestrial (pill bugs)
what animals are Astacidea?
crayfishes, chelate lobsters
what animals in crustacea are burrowers?
ghost sprimp
what animals in crustacea are sessile suspension feeders?
barnacles
what animals in crustacea are planktonic suspension feeders?
Cladocera, brine shrimp
what animals in crustacea are parasites?
Pentastomids
what do Pentastomids parasitize?
blood in vertebrate respiratory tracts
Where do millipedes live, and what do they eat?
burrowing herbivorous/scavengers
what are the primary groups in Myriapoda?
Chilipoda, Diplopoda
Where do centipedes live, and what do they eat?
terrestrial predators
what are the head appendages in Myriapods?
1 pair of antennae and mandibles
how many pairs of maxillae are in millipedes?
1
how many pairs of maxillae are in centipedes?
2
what are the elements of the head in insects?
2 compound eyes and simple eyes; 4 pairs of head appendages; 1 antennae pair; mandibles, maxillae; Fused appendages below mouth (labium) w sensory palps
what are the first pair of thoracic appendages in centipedes?
poison claws
where do Hexapods live?
Primarily terrestrial, not many marine
what are the basics of insect anatomy?
6 legs, 3 tagmata (head, abdomen, thorax)
what is the thorax on insects?
3 segments w walking legs
How many pairs of wings are on insect thorax and where are they?
2 pairs of wings on 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments; 1st for cover, second for flying
Are wings homologous to legs?
no, they’re outgrowths of dorsal cuticle
where does respiration occur in insects?
tracheae - Closeable spiracles along body open into respiratory system
how do insects excrete waste?
Malpighian tubes
what kind of circulatory system to insects have?
open; blood carries nutrients, waste
what does hemimetabolous development mean?
no major metamorphosis
what does ametabolous development mean?
young look like mini adults
what does Paleoptera mean?
outspread wings
what groups are under Hexapoda Entognatha Insects?
Paleoptera, Neoptera
what does holometabolous development mean?
major metamorphosis; larvae/adult differ in habitat, morphology
what are exopterygotes?
Insects w external wing buds
what does Neoptera mean?
wings that fold back
where do Tardigrada live?
FW, marine
Can you name some “paleopterans”?
Odonata - dragonflies, Ephemeroptera - mayflies
what is the general anatomy of Tardigrada?
8 legs, w 1+ toes; Feed by piercing plant cells w stylets; Thin cuticle and metameric nervous system; No circulatory/respiratory structures; eutelic
where do Tardigrades live?
ephemeral habitats
where do Onychophora live?
humid habitats
what happens when Tardigrades’ environment is unfavorable?
form tun (resting stage) and dry out → use “disordered proteins” (TDPs) to survive
what is the external anatomy of Onychophora?
thin, periodically molted cuticle; many pairs lobopods; velvety looking
what are lobopods?
walking legs
what animals are in Nematomorpha?
horsehair worms
what is the basic anatomy of Nematoda?
Vermiform pseudocoelomates, w proteinaceous cuticle periodically molted; No circulatory, respiratory structures, circular muscles, motile cilia
what and how do Onychophora eat?
predatory; squirt slime from slime glands, slime hardens, entangling prey
what are the steps to the Nematode lifecycle?
Free-living juveniles ingested by copepod; Humans ingest copepods, worms penetrate intestinal wall and mate, males die; Females grow, migrate to skin, form ulcer; When wound is in water, female releases juveniles; Worm can be wound out slowly on stick
Nematomorpha characteristics
Adults are aquatic, mostly FW; Larvae eaten by terrestrial insects; Larvae influence behavior of terrestrial host, make them to go to water
Priapulida characteristics
Marine, benthic, prey on burrowing invertebrates; Possess spiny introvert
Kinorhyncha characteristics
Move w spiny snout containing mouth; Have 13 zonites (segments) covered w thick plates
Loricifera characteristics
have retractable spiny head; Have vase-shaped lorica of 6 cuticular plates; Some loriciferans live whole lives in anaerobic habitats, No mitochondria
The group (clade) that includes all crustaceans and Hexapoda is what?
Pancrustacea
what kind of circulatory system to arthropods have?
open
what kind of limbs do crustaceans have?
biramous
What kind of creature is a barnacle?
sessile marine pancrustacean
What most accurately describes the head appendages of a grasshopper?
1 pair of antennae, pair of jaws, pair of maxillae and pair of fused appendages (labium)
What’s a spiracle?
opening to tracheal tube system
There is a group of spiny-snouted ecdysozoan micrometazoans that have 13 zonites (segments) covered with thick plates. What are they?
kinorhynchs
What is Panarthropoda?
clade consisting of Tardigrada, Onychophora and Arthropoda
The life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm) was discussed in class.
What event does NOT occur in the D. medinensis life cycle?
female releases eggs into intestinal space; eggs carried out in feces
Onychophorans capture their food by:
squirting prey w adhesive slime
Nematomorphs are ____________ for part of their life cycle
insect parasites
