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Animal Diversity unit 2 > Animal Diversity Unit 3 test > Flashcards

Animal Diversity Unit 3 test Flashcards

1
Q

Where are Gastrotricha located?

A

FW, marine

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2
Q

what are the 2 species in Mesozoa?

A

Rhombozoa, Orthonectida

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2
Q

what does gastrotrich mean?

A

hairy belly

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2
Q

what is the synapomorphy of Ecdysozoa?

A

ecdysis

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2
Q

Gastrotricha characteristics

A

w spines or bristles on dorsal cuticle; Many species are all females, some hermaphroditic

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2
Q

Orthonectida characteristics

A

symbionts/parasites of invertebrates; Adults are multinucleate amoeboid forms

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2
Q

what is Panarthropoda?

A

Subclade of Ecdysozoa; includes Tardigrada, Onychophora and Arthropoda

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2
Q

Rhombozoa characteristics

A

symbionts; tiny, wormlike; few cells

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2
Q

where do Rhombozoa live?

A

inside kidneys of cephalopods

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3
Q

what phyla are in Ecdysozoa?

A

Arthropoda and Nematoda, other smaller phyla

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3
Q

what is ecdysis?

A

periodic molting of cuticle/exoskeleton

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3
Q

what are the synapomorphies of Panarthropoda?

A

Multiple pairs of appendages; Arthropod-like claws

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3
Q

what animals are in Chelicerata?

A

spiders, scorpions, ticks, sea spiders

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3
Q

what are the groups in Arthropoda?

A

Chelicerata, Pancrustacea, Myriapoda

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4
Q

what groups are in Pancrustacea?

A

crustacea, hexapoda

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5
Q

what does “Paraphyletic w respect to” mean?

A

some crustaceans more closely related to Hexapoda then other crustaceans

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5
Q

what animals are in crustacea?

A

crabs, crayfish, shrimps

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5
Q

what animals are in Hexapoda?

A

insects

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5
Q

what animals are in Myriapoda?

A

millipedes, centipedes

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6
Q

what are some Arthropoda Synapomorphies?

A

Exoskeleton covering body, compound eyes, jointed appendages

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6
Q

characteristics of exoskeleton covering body in arthropods?

A

Hard, flexible cuticle, secreted by epidermis; Made of chitin and proteins, sometimes calcified; Waxy outer layer in terrestrial arthropods; During ecdysis, 2 outer layers shed - inner layer dissolved and reabsorbed

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7
Q

characteristics of compound eyes in arthropods?

A

few - several photoreceptive units (ommatidia)

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7
Q

What are the 2 tagmata in Chelicerata and what do they mean?

A

Prosoma = head and legs; opisthosoma = “abdomen”

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8
Q

what are the 2 groups under Chelicerates?

A

Pycnogonida, Euchelicerata

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8
Q

characteristics of limbs in Chelicerata?

A

Uniramous limbs (1 main branch): 2 pairs of head appendages; Usually 4 pairs of walking legs; Some limbs may be chelate

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9
Q

what animals are in Pycnogonida?

A

sea spiders

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9
Q

Pycnogonida characteristics

A

Marine; feed on soft-bodied animals (cnidarians) w proboscis

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10
Q

what animals are Acariformes?

A

mites

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10
Q

what groups are under Euchelicerata?

A

Acariformes, Parasitiformes and Pseudoscorpiones; Opiliones; Solifugae, Ricinulei and Xiphosura; Arachnopulmonata

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10
Q

Euchelicerata characteristics?

A

mostly terrestrial

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11
Q

what animals are Opiliones?

A

harvestmen, “daddy longlegs”

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11
Q

Acariformes characteristics

A

diverse (~1 mil species); predators, scavengers, parasites

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11
Q

what animals are Parasitiformes?

A

ticks

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12
Q

what animals are Solifugae?

A

sun spiders

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12
Q

what animals are Pseudoscorpiones?

A

pseudoscorpions

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12
Q

what animals are Xiphosura?

A

horseshoe crabs

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13
Q

what animals are Araneae?

A

spiders

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13
Q

Opiliones characteristics

A

Generalist predators/scavengers, No venom/silk, Defensive scent glands on prosoma

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13
Q

what groups are in Arachnopulmonata?

A

Araneae and Pedipalpi; Scorpiones

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14
Q

Araneae characteristics

A

diverse, common predators

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15
Q

what animals are Pedipalpi?

A

whip scorpions, tailless whip scorpions

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15
Q

Pedipalpi characteristics

A

spray vinegar-like substance when disturbed

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16
Q

what animals are Scorpiones?

A

scorpions

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16
Q

Scorpiones characteristics

A

Large pedipalps, jointed tail w venom-injecting barb

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16
Q

how does gas exchange happen in horseshoe crabs?

A

Book gills w thin lamellae (sheets)

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17
Q

Chelicerate Physiology characteristics

A

Gas exchange; Open circulatory system, dorsal heart in hemocoel; Excretion via Malpighian tubules

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17
Q

how does gas exchange happen in Arachnopulmonata?

A

Book lungs

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18
Q

how does gas exchange happen in terrestrial arachnids except scorpions?

A

Tracheae → tube system brings air to tissues; NOT HOMOLOGOUS

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19
Q

what do Malpighian tubules do?

A

tubes that filter wastes from blood, empty to gut

20
Q

what animals are in crustacea?

A

Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, others

20
Q

Crustacea limb characteristics

A

Limbs have 2 main branches (endopod, exopod), often w gill (epipod); Endopods for walking, exopods for swimming

20
Q

what animals are Branchiopoda?

A

“leafy” limbed, suspension feeders

20
Q

what animals are Maxillopoda?

A

Copepoda, Cirripedia

21
Q

What’s this condition called (limbs w 2 branches)?

A

biramous

21
Q

what animals are Anostraca?

A

fairy, brine shrimp

21
Q

what happens in Crustacea respiration?

A

gills extend from limb bases under carapace

22
Q

important subgroups w/in Crustacea include:

A

Branchiopoda, Anostraca, Cladocera, Maxillopoda, Copepoda, Cirripedia, Malacostraca, Brachyura, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Astacidea

22
Q

what animals are Cladocera?

A

“water fleas” (Daphnia)

23
Q

what animals are Copepoda?

A

important marine/FW plankton

24
Q

what animals are Cirripedia?

A

barnacles (sessile crustaceans)

24
Q

what animals are Malacostraca?

A

most “typical” crustaceans

24
Q

what animals are Amphipoda?

A

scuds

24
Q

what animals are Brachyura?

A

true crabs

25
Q

what animals are Isopoda?

A

marine and terrestrial (pill bugs)

26
Q

what animals are Astacidea?

A

crayfishes, chelate lobsters

27
Q

what animals in crustacea are burrowers?

A

ghost sprimp

28
Q

what animals in crustacea are sessile suspension feeders?

A

barnacles

28
Q

what animals in crustacea are planktonic suspension feeders?

A

Cladocera, brine shrimp

29
Q

what animals in crustacea are parasites?

A

Pentastomids

29
Q

what do Pentastomids parasitize?

A

blood in vertebrate respiratory tracts

30
Q

Where do millipedes live, and what do they eat?

A

burrowing herbivorous/scavengers

30
Q

what are the primary groups in Myriapoda?

A

Chilipoda, Diplopoda

30
Q

Where do centipedes live, and what do they eat?

A

terrestrial predators

31
Q

what are the head appendages in Myriapods?

A

1 pair of antennae and mandibles

32
Q

how many pairs of maxillae are in millipedes?

A

1

33
Q

how many pairs of maxillae are in centipedes?

A

2

34
Q

what are the elements of the head in insects?

A

2 compound eyes and simple eyes; 4 pairs of head appendages; 1 antennae pair; mandibles, maxillae; Fused appendages below mouth (labium) w sensory palps

34
Q

what are the first pair of thoracic appendages in centipedes?

A

poison claws

34
Q

where do Hexapods live?

A

Primarily terrestrial, not many marine

34
Q

what are the basics of insect anatomy?

A

6 legs, 3 tagmata (head, abdomen, thorax)

35
Q

what is the thorax on insects?

A

3 segments w walking legs

36
Q

How many pairs of wings are on insect thorax and where are they?

A

2 pairs of wings on 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments; 1st for cover, second for flying

37
Q

Are wings homologous to legs?

A

no, they’re outgrowths of dorsal cuticle

37
Q

where does respiration occur in insects?

A

tracheae - Closeable spiracles along body open into respiratory system

37
Q

how do insects excrete waste?

A

Malpighian tubes

37
Q

what kind of circulatory system to insects have?

A

open; blood carries nutrients, waste

38
Q

what does hemimetabolous development mean?

A

no major metamorphosis

39
Q

what does ametabolous development mean?

A

young look like mini adults

40
Q

what does Paleoptera mean?

A

outspread wings

40
Q

what groups are under Hexapoda Entognatha Insects?

A

Paleoptera, Neoptera

40
Q

what does holometabolous development mean?

A

major metamorphosis; larvae/adult differ in habitat, morphology

41
Q

what are exopterygotes?

A

Insects w external wing buds

41
Q

what does Neoptera mean?

A

wings that fold back

41
Q

where do Tardigrada live?

A

FW, marine

42
Q

Can you name some “paleopterans”?

A

Odonata - dragonflies, Ephemeroptera - mayflies

43
Q

what is the general anatomy of Tardigrada?

A

8 legs, w 1+ toes; Feed by piercing plant cells w stylets; Thin cuticle and metameric nervous system; No circulatory/respiratory structures; eutelic

43
Q

where do Tardigrades live?

A

ephemeral habitats

43
Q

where do Onychophora live?

A

humid habitats

43
Q

what happens when Tardigrades’ environment is unfavorable?

A

form tun (resting stage) and dry out → use “disordered proteins” (TDPs) to survive

44
Q

what is the external anatomy of Onychophora?

A

thin, periodically molted cuticle; many pairs lobopods; velvety looking

45
Q

what are lobopods?

A

walking legs

45
Q

what animals are in Nematomorpha?

A

horsehair worms

45
Q

what is the basic anatomy of Nematoda?

A

Vermiform pseudocoelomates, w proteinaceous cuticle periodically molted; No circulatory, respiratory structures, circular muscles, motile cilia

45
Q

what and how do Onychophora eat?

A

predatory; squirt slime from slime glands, slime hardens, entangling prey

46
Q

what are the steps to the Nematode lifecycle?

A

Free-living juveniles ingested by copepod; Humans ingest copepods, worms penetrate intestinal wall and mate, males die; Females grow, migrate to skin, form ulcer; When wound is in water, female releases juveniles; Worm can be wound out slowly on stick

47
Q

Nematomorpha characteristics

A

Adults are aquatic, mostly FW; Larvae eaten by terrestrial insects; Larvae influence behavior of terrestrial host, make them to go to water

47
Q

Priapulida characteristics

A

Marine, benthic, prey on burrowing invertebrates; Possess spiny introvert

48
Q

Kinorhyncha characteristics

A

Move w spiny snout containing mouth; Have 13 zonites (segments) covered w thick plates

48
Q

Loricifera characteristics

A

have retractable spiny head; Have vase-shaped lorica of 6 cuticular plates; Some loriciferans live whole lives in anaerobic habitats, No mitochondria

49
Q

The group (clade) that includes all crustaceans and Hexapoda is what?

A

Pancrustacea

50
Q

what kind of circulatory system to arthropods have?

A

open

51
Q

what kind of limbs do crustaceans have?

A

biramous

52
Q

What kind of creature is a barnacle?

A

sessile marine pancrustacean

53
Q

What most accurately describes the head appendages of a grasshopper?

A

1 pair of antennae, pair of jaws, pair of maxillae and pair of fused appendages (labium)

54
Q

What’s a spiracle?

A

opening to tracheal tube system

55
Q

There is a group of spiny-snouted ecdysozoan micrometazoans that have 13 zonites (segments) covered with thick plates. What are they?

A

kinorhynchs

56
Q

What is Panarthropoda?

A

clade consisting of Tardigrada, Onychophora and Arthropoda

57
Q

The life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm) was discussed in class.
What event does NOT occur in the D. medinensis life cycle?

A

female releases eggs into intestinal space; eggs carried out in feces

58
Q

Onychophorans capture their food by:

A

squirting prey w adhesive slime

59
Q

Nematomorphs are ____________ for part of their life cycle

A

insect parasites

Animal Diversity unit 2 (4 decks)

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