Animal Diversity lab quiz Flashcards
What animals are in Phylum Chordata?
ALL vertebrates and some invertebrates
what are the 5 major synapomorphies in Phylum Chordata?
dorsal hollow nerve cord, Endostyle, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, postanal tail
what does the Endostyle (thyroid gland) do?
secretes mucus, traps food; only in protochordates and lamprey larvae; cells homologous to endostyle found in thyroid
what is the Dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC)?
fluid-filled dorsal nerve cord that forms central nervous system along w brain
what is the notochord?
slender rod of cartilage-like connective tissue that extends along dorsal side of organism; in more derived verts, this is replaced w vertebral column during development
what are the Pharyngeal gill slits?
paired slits in pharynx that serves as passageways for water to gills
what animals are Subphylum Urochordata, Class Ascidiacea?
tunicates, sea squirts
what is the Postanal tail?
muscular tail that projects past anus, for propulsion
what is the leathery coating (tunic) of Subphylum Urochordata, Class Ascidiacea made of and is secreted by what?
cellulose, secreted by mantle
what synapomorphies do the larval and adult Subphylum Urochordata, Class Ascidiacea have?
larval - all 5; adult - not all 5
what synapomorphies do tadpole larvae have?
notochord and postanal tail
what is the cerebral ganglion in tunicates?
bundle of nerves that serves as brain
what is the endostyle in tunicates?
ciliated groove in pharynx that secretes mucus
what is the intestine/stomach in tunicates?
connected to pharynx, final digestion
what animals are in Subphylum Cephalochordata, Genus Branchiostoma
Lancelets or amphioxus
what does anadromous mean?
swim upstream to spawn
what are the siphons in tunicates?
excurrent - water out, incurrent - water in
what is the pharynx in tunicates?
mesh pattern that makes up majority of body plan
Subphylum Vertebrata: Superclass Agnatha, Class Petromysontida characteristics
jawless fish; anadromous; Larval ammocoetes live in sand
what are Subphylum Vertebrata: Superclass Agnatha, Class Petromysontida?
Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish
(Myxini)
Subphylum Cephalochordata, Genus Branchiostoma characteristics
filter feeders, spend time w tails in sand; basic chordate structures
what are Class Chondrichthyes?
Cartilaginous jawed fishes
what animals are in Subclass Elasmobranchi?
sharks, skates, rays
what are Ampullae of Lorenzini?
Detects weak electrical fields
Class Chondrichthyes characteristics
Some Ovoviviparous; Rough skin contain dermal denticles; large oily livers for buoyancy
external anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - claspers?
located in-between pelvic fins for mating; only in males
what does Ovoviviparous mean?
Live birth but young develop attached to yolk sac rather than placenta
external anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - Lateral line
sensory organs that detect local water movement
external anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - Spiracles and nostrils
allow for breathing while feeding
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark -Ilium
contains spiral valve
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - liver
large and multi-lobed, contains oil for buoyancy; gallbladder
where is gallbladder found in dogsharks
found on central lobe of liver
what is a spiral valve?
slows food to ensure complete digestion/absorption
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - spleen
attached to “elbow” of J-shaped stomach
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - Digestive tract
esophagus → stomach → duodenum → ilium → colon; lined w rugae
what is rugae?
irregular ridges to increase surface area
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - heart
between gill slits
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - kidney
embedded in dorsal body wall
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - ovaries/testes
on dorsal side between pectoral fins
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - pancreas
outside of duodenum; secretes enzymes for digestion
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - rectal/digitiform gland
regulates ion balance
internal anatomy of Squalus - Dogfish Shark - uterus
adjacent to digestive tract; filled w embryos
Class Actinopterygii characteristics
global, largest group of inverts, swim bladder for buoyancy; flattened ctenoid scales in fish
w spiny rays (like perch); cycloid scales in soft-rayed fishes
what animals are in Class Actinopterygii
ray finned fish
what do fins contain in Class Actinopterygii
fin rays - can contain hard spines to deter predation; can be softer/more flexible used for propulsion
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of fins
anal fins: anus and urogenital opening anterior to anal fins on ventral side; 2 dorsal fins; pectoral fins; symmetrical caudal fin - homocercal in perch: ventral and dorsal halves equal
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy lateral line
has sensory organs to sense local water movement and temp
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of operculum
hard covering protecting gills
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of gills
under operculum
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of duodenum
S shaped portion of intestine
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of Pyloric ceca
fingerlike projections nestles in curves of duodenum
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of swim bladder
filled w gasses, for buoyancy
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of stomach
J shaped, lead to bend w fingerlike pyloric ceca before entering intestine
how can volume of oral pump can be changed?
raising and lowering jaw and floor of mouth
how can the volume of the opercular pump be changed?
by swinging operculum in and out
what is the oral pump?
mouth cavity
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of gonads (ovary/testes)
visible connected to urogenital opening
Perch respiration characteristics
Water movement across gills driven by oral and opercular pumps;
Class Actinopterygii, Superorder Teleostei, Genus Perca external anatomy of myomeres
divided into dorsal epaxial muscles and ventral hypaxial muscles
what do the valves to in respiration?
prevent backflow, so water flow across gills in unidirectional
what does the axial skeleton of a perch include?
bones of skull, vertebral column, ribs, and medial fins (dorsal, caudal, and anal)
what does the appendicular skeleton of a perch include?
pectoral girdle and fines and pelvic girdle and fins
