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Animal Diversity unit 2 > Animal diversity unit 2 > Flashcards

Animal diversity unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are staurozoa

A

sessile polyps; look like attached medusae

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2
Q

what are Cubozoa

A

Sea wasps, box jellies; Deadly neurotoxins

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3
Q

what are Myxozoa?

A

Microscopic unicellular parasites; Long thought to be protozoans

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4
Q

what is the common name for Ctenophores?

A

comb jellies

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5
Q

ctenophore characteristics

A

Gelatinous, radially symmetrical marine diploblasts; No gas exchange, excretory or circulatory organs; All are hermaphrodites; most free spawn

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6
Q

what do ctenophore synapomorphies include?

A

8 rows of ciliary “combs” (ctenes) along body; Colloblasts (often on 2 retractile tentacles)

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7
Q

What do colloblasts do?

A

secrete adhesive to capture prey

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8
Q

What is sister group to rest of Metazoa?

A

Until recently, ppl say Porifera; there is evidence from phylogenomic studies Ctenophora is sister to animals

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9
Q

Mollusca characteristics

A

Bilaterally symmetrical coelomate protostomes; Second to Arthropoda in # of described species (~100,000 living species); Amazing body plan variation and size

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10
Q

what animals are in mollusca?

A

Clams, snails, slugs, squids

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11
Q

Some Molluscan Synapomorphies

A

Broad, muscular foot; Mantle w shell glands; Radula; Ctenidia; Anus and nephridia open into mantle cavity

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12
Q

what is a Radula?

A

ribbon of teeth, used for feeding

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13
Q

what are Ctenidia?

A

gills

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14
Q

what does Polyplacophora mean?

A

chitons

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15
Q

what are Polyplacophora?

A

Flat marine grazers; lifestyle similar to snails

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16
Q

Polyplacophora shell characteristics

A

8 shells (valves) along back; Secreted by glands in mantle; Made of calcium carbonate; have thin organic coating (periostracum)

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17
Q

what does the Flat creeping foot do?

A

secretes mucus; movement ciliary or muscular

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18
Q

What is space between foot and mantle edge called?

A

mantle groove

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19
Q

what do radula sit on?

A

odontophore

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20
Q

Chiton respiratory system charactersitics

A

several pairs of ctenidia (gills)

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21
Q

chiton circulatory system characteristics

A

Open; Heart in a sac called a pericardium, a few vessels, and a hemocoel

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22
Q

what is a hemocoel?

A

unlined blood sinuses that surround organs

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23
Q

what larva do chitons have?

A

trochophore

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24
Q

gastropoda common names

A

Snails, sugs, abalines, limpetets, many species

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25
Q

gastropoda characteristics

A

Most marine, many freshwater or terrestrial; Some pelagic; most have a single coiled shell; Spacious MC over head; Food often w operculum

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26
Q

what does pelagic mean?

A

lives in water column

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27
Q

what does operculum do?

A

protects snail when withdrawn into shell

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28
Q

Gastropod Internal Anatomy

A

Radular apparatus w variable tooth pattern; Gut loops thru VM, empties over head; Dorsal heart pumps blood from gills to hemocoel; Water flows thru MC from left to right, passing thru gill before anus/nephridiopore

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29
Q

What types of snails have a poison dart radula?

A

cone snails, Conus

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30
Q

Nervous System of gastropods

A

2 lateral cords that loop into MV, w pairs of ganglia (cerebral, pedal, visceral); System looks like it have been twisted into a figure 8

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31
Q

why do gastropods nervous system look like it has been twisted into a figure 8?

A

torsion - MV is twisted ~180 during development

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32
Q

Balance sensory receptors that some animals have called?

A

statocysts

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33
Q

what are the 2 steps to gastropod torsion?

A
  1. Large muscle (velar/foot retractor muscle) contracts, Twists MV around ~90 counterclockwise
  2. Contraction followed by asymmetric growth
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34
Q

what does detorted mean? →

A

VM has rotated back clockwise to some extent, reversing torsion

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35
Q

what are the Effects of Torsion?

A

Gut empties in rear before torsion but empties over head after torsion

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36
Q

what is an implication of torsion?

A

Anus/nephridiopore empty over head; Effects mollified by unidirectional water flow

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37
Q

Why did torsion evolve?

A

don’t know, protection or helps water flow

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38
Q

Bivalvia animals?

A

Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

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39
Q

Bivalvia characteristics

A

Marine and freshwater; Laterally compressed, w 2 lateral shells (valves); no radula

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40
Q

how do bivalves feed?

A

suspension feeders; Cilia, muscles pump water into incurrent siphon and out thru gill and out via excurrent siphon, Food captured in mucus on gill; mucus passed to palps

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41
Q

what are some bivalve anatomy characteristics?

A

Mantle, gills are large lateral sheets; Poorly developed nervous system → “eyes” on mantle edge

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42
Q

how do bivalves reproduce?

A

Most shed gametes into outgoing current, Females may bring sperm in for internal fertilization; marine bivalves release juveniles or trochophores; freshwater bivalves produce parasitic larvae called glochidia

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43
Q

common name of scaphopoda?

A

tusk shells

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44
Q

Scaphopoda characteristics

A

All marine; live buried in sediment; use tentacles to gather food; microorganisms

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45
Q

what are Scaphopoda tentacles called?

A

captacula

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46
Q

Aplacophora characteristics

A

marine “worms” w calcareous scales or spicules

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47
Q

Monoplacophora characteristics

A

marine, limpet like; Known only as fossils until 1952; multiple pairs of gills, gonads, kidneys

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48
Q

Cephalopod characteristics

A

largest solitary invertebrates - Giant squids 18m+, up to ~1000 pounds (colossal squid); ~1000 living species; all marine predators

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49
Q

Nautiloidea →

A

nautiluses, 2 pairs of gills

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50
Q

Ammonoidea →

A

extinct; common fossils

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51
Q

Coleoidea →

A

internal or no shell, 1 pair of gills

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52
Q

Belemnoidea →

A

extinct; common fossils

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53
Q

Decapodiformes →

A

“squids” and cuttles, high diversity

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54
Q

Octopodiformes →

A

vampire squids and octopuses

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55
Q

what are some cephalopod synapomorphies?

A

arms, tentacles, siphon, beak, Chromatophores

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56
Q

what are Chromatophores →

A

cells w pigment sacs; signaling and crupsis

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57
Q

what do cephalopod arms and tentacles do?

A

used for prey capture, usually have suckers

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58
Q

what does a cephalopod siphon do?

A

direct water for propulsion

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59
Q

what happens in squid digestion?

A

beak rips up prey, radula moves chunks to esophagus

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60
Q

what happens in squid respiration/circulation?

A

2 gills, brachial hearts boost blood into gills, systemic heart sends blood to body; Closed circulatory system

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61
Q

what happens in squid nervous system?

A

Several cerebral ganglia around esophagus; Often have cartilaginous “skull”; Sophisticated sense organs; giant axons

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62
Q

what happens in squid reproduction/development?

A

gonochoric; Male packages sperm in spermatophores, specialized arm transfers them to females; Female lays egg masses; semelparous

63
Q

what does semelparous mean?

A

breed once then die

64
Q

Cephalopod Behavior: Crypsis →

A

matching color, pattern, texture of background (Octopus vulgaris)

65
Q

Cephalopod Behavior: Mating →

A

colorful displays between mates, male-male interactions (Sepioteuthis sepioidea)

66
Q

Cephalopod Behavior: Predation →

A

strobe displays in cuttlefish

67
Q

Cephalopod Behavior: Bioluminescence →

A

firefly squid

68
Q

What isn’t found in molluscan mantle cavity? →

A

operculum

69
Q

what are some Cephalopod Phylogenies?

A

Vampyroteuthis sister to octopuses; Phylogenomic analyses seem to support clade of large decapodiforms including cuttlefish, myopsids and oegopsids

70
Q

what are annelida?

A

coelomate triploblastic worms; mostly marine, many FW and terrestrial

71
Q

what are some annelida synapomorphies?

A

metamerism; paired epidermal chaetae; nuchal organs; trochophores

72
Q

what is a metamerism also known as?

A

segmentation

73
Q

what are nuchal organs?

A

paired sensory organs on head

74
Q

what are some “Polychaeta” characteristics

A

mostly marine; parapodia and many setae; many bristles

75
Q

what are Oligochaetes?

A

earthworms/various aquatic worms; few bristles

76
Q

what are Hirudinea’s?

A

leeches and allies

77
Q

what are polychaete’s basic anatomy?

A

homonomous segments that bear parapodia; have prostomium, peristomium, and pygidium

78
Q

what does prostomium mean?

A

before mouth

79
Q

what does peristomium mean?

A

where mouth is

80
Q

what is pygidium?

A

segment that contains anus

81
Q

what does parapodia mean?

A

large flaps along sides of body

82
Q

Polychaete Reproduction/Development characteristics

A

Have epitokes; teloblastic growth in pygidial growth zone

83
Q

what are epitokes?

A

swimming forms for gamete dispersal

84
Q

what is the life cycle of polychaetes?

A

zygote → trochophore → settlement → adult

85
Q

what happens in teloblastic growth?

A

Mesoderm blocks split off and hollow out

86
Q

what are characteristics of Polychaete burrowers?

A

small parapodia, tentacles; lots of hemoglobin

87
Q

what are characteristics of Polychaete pelagic predators?

A

huge eyes, tentacles and parapodia

88
Q

what are characteristics of Polychaete Tentacular suspension/detritus feeders?

A

Feather dusters (sabellids, serpulids)

89
Q

what are characteristics of Polychaete mucus suspension feeders (Chaetopterus)?

A

makes U-shaped papery tube; Holds net w 2 parapodia, pumps water thru, particles trapped on net, worm eats net

90
Q

what are characteristics of Polychaete Siboglinidae?

A

Weird deep sea worms; only part of body is segmented; no guts, have trophosome; Bacterial symbionts generate ATP

91
Q

Siboglinidae used to be a phylum named what?

A

pogonophora

92
Q

what are Clitellata?

A

Earthworms, many FW species and Hirudinida

93
Q

Clitellata characteristics

A

No parapodia; Hermaphroditic; oligochaetes; terrestrial or FW; few setae, have clitellum

94
Q

what does oligochaete mean?

A

have few (oligo) bristles (chaetae/setae)

95
Q

how do Clitellata reproduce?

A

Clitellum makes cocoon that picks up eggs then sperm; Eggs fertilized in cocoon, direct development

96
Q

what are Hirudinida?

A

Leeches and allies, many ectoparasites

97
Q

what are some Hirudinida characteristics?

A

No setae; have suckers at both body ends; Segments not separated by septa, Annulations don’t correspond to segments, Constant segment number (usually 34)

98
Q

Sipunculidae “peanut worms” characteristics

A

Unsegmented, ~250 species, all marine; Have retractable introvert, often w hollow tentacles

99
Q

what are Echiuridae?

A

Unsegmented benthic marine worms; ~130 species

100
Q

what are some Echiuridae characteristics?

A

have non-retractable ciliated proboscis that sweep substrate w proboscis to gather food

101
Q

What is a Weird echiuran?

A

Urechis caupo → suspension feeds using mucus net

102
Q

both Echiuridae and Sipunculidae have larvae like those seen in what?

A

annelids

103
Q

lophophora are a clade of what 3 phyla?

A

Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa

104
Q

Putative synapomorphies of Lophophorata include:

A

Lophophore, Epistome

105
Q

what is a lophophore?

A

ring of coelomic, ciliated feeding tentacles; water is drawn thru it

106
Q

what is an epistome?

A

muscular lobe near mouth

107
Q

what are characteristics of Phoronida?

A

Marine benthic tube-dwelling worms; Feed and breathe w lophophore; Have tripartite coelom

108
Q

what are the parts of the tripartite coelom in Phoronida?

A

protocoel in epistome, mesocoel in tentacles, metacoels - main body cavities

109
Q

how do Phoronida’s develop?

A

Mouth, coelom form like in protostomes; Cleavage, mesoderm formation like deuterostomes; Have unique larva (actinotroch)

110
Q

Brachiopoda characteristics

A

Marine benthic clam-like suspension feeders; Superb fossil record; lifestyle similar to bivalve mollusks

111
Q

what are the 2 groups of Brachiopoda?

A

Inarticulates and articulates

112
Q

what are inarticulates?

A

burrow w muscular pedicle, no teeth

113
Q

what are articulates?

A

sessile, attach w pedicle, if shells hinges have teeth, they articulate together

114
Q

Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) characteristics

A

Marine and FW, many species; almost all colonial, polymorphic; each zooid lives in zoecium and has polypide and cystid

115
Q

what does polymorphic mean?

A

Many forms

116
Q

what is an autozooid?

A

feeding zooids w lophophore

117
Q

what is an avicularium?

A

zooid modified into pinchers

118
Q

what are Kenozooids?

A

stalks and stolons

119
Q

what are Kleistozooids?

A

nutrient storage

120
Q

what are Kamptozoa?

A

tiny sessile colonial polyp like animals

121
Q

characteristics of Kamptozoa

A

have pseudocoel; Solid tentacles that cannot be retracted; no lophophores

122
Q

how do Kamptozoa feed?

A

bring water up thru tentacles; anus on inside of tentacle rings (entoprocts)

123
Q

what are Cycliophora?

A

tiny sessile animals

124
Q

Cycliophora characteristics

A

marine, found on mouthparts of marine crustaceans; ectosymbionts; Feed on debris using ring of cilia around mouth; weird cloning

125
Q

what are Nemertea?

A

ribbon worms or proboscis worms

126
Q

Nemertea characteristics

A

marine benthic predators; proboscis for catching prey house in rhynchocoel; secretes sticky/toxic substance; have style and toxic gland

127
Q

what are Xenacoelomorpha?

A

Group of worms sister to rest of Bilateria

128
Q

Xenacoelomorpha characteristics

A

~350 species, <5 mm long, all marine; most free living; Some have blind gut, others have mouth but no gut

129
Q

Platyhelminthes characteristics

A

~20,000 extant species; Triploblastic acoelomate animals; Bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized; Marine, FW, some terrestrial; Free living (“Turbellaria”) or parasitic (Trematoda and Cestoda)

130
Q

what are major flatworm subgroups?

A

Tricladida (planarians); Polycladida (free living marine worms); Neodermata (all parasitic); Monogenea (mostly fish ectoparasites); Trematoda (flukes); Cestoda (tapeworms)

131
Q

Turbellarian characteristics

A

Ciliated epidermis and mucus glands; members of clade Tricladida; Gut has 1 opening, muscular pharynx; No special respiration/circulation structures; Protonephridia for osmoregulation; Cephalized ladder-like nervous system; eyespots, chemoreceptors for detecting prey

132
Q

what are Turbellarians?

A

planarians

132
Q

what does Tricladida mean?

A

3 branched gut

133
Q

What are parasite advantages?

A

free, large source of resources; few competitors; protection from environment/predation

133
Q

what are Protonephridia?

A

flame bulbs

134
Q

How do parasites deal w disadvantages?

A

cloning/sexual reproduction; specialized integuments; largely anaerobic metabolism; complex life cycles

134
Q

What are disadvantages of being a parasite?

A

hosts fight back and hard to find

135
Q

what are Trematoda?

A

flukes

136
Q

Trematoda characteristics

A

Mostly parasitize mollusks, but also humans

137
Q

what are blood fluke characteristics?

A

Cause human schistosomiasis; swimmers itch; Schistosomes infect ~200

138
Q

what are Cestoda?

A

tapeworms

139
Q

Cestoda characteristics

A

No mouth/digestive cavity; Bodies divided into repeated units (proglottids); Gut parasites of vertebrates as adults; Suckers or hooks on scolex attach worm to host

140
Q

what are Chaetognatha?

A

arrow worms

141
Q

where do Chaetognatha live?

A

all marine, most pelagic

141
Q

what do Chaetognatha eat?

A

ambush predators, eat invertebrates and small fish

142
Q

Chaetognatha characteristics

A

No respiratory, circulatory, or excretory structures; Transparent; All hermaphrodites

143
Q

what are Micrometazoans?

A

Grade of animals less than 1 mm long; not a clade; pseudocoelomates

144
Q

Micrometazoans characteristics?

A

vermiform; Low fecundity and weird sex - hermaphroditism/cloning are common; Eutely; “Reduced” organ systems; Physiologically tough

145
Q

what does vermiform mean?

A

worm shaped

146
Q

what does eutely mean?

A

cell constancy

147
Q

Gnathifera: Rotifera and Acanthocephala characteristics

A

Found in all aquatic habitats; 1 diverse asexual group (Bdelloidea) - no male bdelloids; Includes Acanthocephala - spiny headed worms, vertebrate endoparasites

147
Q

Gnathifera: Rotifera and Acanthocephala General anatomy

A

Ciliated corona on head for swimming/feeding; Adhesive toes w cement glands

148
Q

Gnathostomulida characteristics

A

Tiny hermaphroditic marine worms w rotifer-like jaws; Marine, interstitial in low oxygen sediments, ~80 species

149
Q

Micrognathozoa characteristics

A

Tiny, wormlike animals w complex jaws; 1 known species (Limnognathia maersk); FW, interstitial

Animal Diversity unit 2 (4 decks)

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