Animal diversity unit 2 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
what are staurozoa
A
sessile polyps; look like attached medusae
2
Q
what are Cubozoa
A
Sea wasps, box jellies; Deadly neurotoxins
3
Q
what are Myxozoa?
A
Microscopic unicellular parasites; Long thought to be protozoans
4
Q
what is the common name for Ctenophores?
A
comb jellies
5
Q
ctenophore characteristics
A
Gelatinous, radially symmetrical marine diploblasts; No gas exchange, excretory or circulatory organs; All are hermaphrodites; most free spawn
6
Q
what do ctenophore synapomorphies include?
A
8 rows of ciliary “combs” (ctenes) along body; Colloblasts (often on 2 retractile tentacles)
7
Q
What do colloblasts do?
A
secrete adhesive to capture prey
8
Q
What is sister group to rest of Metazoa?
A
Until recently, ppl say Porifera; there is evidence from phylogenomic studies Ctenophora is sister to animals
9
Q
Mollusca characteristics
A
Bilaterally symmetrical coelomate protostomes; Second to Arthropoda in # of described species (~100,000 living species); Amazing body plan variation and size
10
Q
what animals are in mollusca?
A
Clams, snails, slugs, squids
11
Q
Some Molluscan Synapomorphies
A
Broad, muscular foot; Mantle w shell glands; Radula; Ctenidia; Anus and nephridia open into mantle cavity
12
Q
what is a Radula?
A
ribbon of teeth, used for feeding
13
Q
what are Ctenidia?
A
gills
14
Q
what does Polyplacophora mean?
A
chitons
15
Q
what are Polyplacophora?
A
Flat marine grazers; lifestyle similar to snails
16
Q
Polyplacophora shell characteristics
A
8 shells (valves) along back; Secreted by glands in mantle; Made of calcium carbonate; have thin organic coating (periostracum)
17
Q
what does the Flat creeping foot do?
A
secretes mucus; movement ciliary or muscular
18
Q
What is space between foot and mantle edge called?
A
mantle groove
19
Q
what do radula sit on?
A
odontophore
20
Q
Chiton respiratory system charactersitics
A
several pairs of ctenidia (gills)
21
Q
chiton circulatory system characteristics
A
Open; Heart in a sac called a pericardium, a few vessels, and a hemocoel
22
Q
what is a hemocoel?
A
unlined blood sinuses that surround organs
23
Q
what larva do chitons have?
A
trochophore
24
Q
gastropoda common names
A
Snails, sugs, abalines, limpetets, many species
25
gastropoda characteristics
Most marine, many freshwater or terrestrial; Some pelagic; most have a single coiled shell; Spacious MC over head; Food often w operculum
26
what does pelagic mean?
lives in water column
27
what does operculum do?
protects snail when withdrawn into shell
28
Gastropod Internal Anatomy
Radular apparatus w variable tooth pattern; Gut loops thru VM, empties over head; Dorsal heart pumps blood from gills to hemocoel; Water flows thru MC from left to right, passing thru gill before anus/nephridiopore
29
What types of snails have a poison dart radula?
cone snails, Conus
30
Nervous System of gastropods
2 lateral cords that loop into MV, w pairs of ganglia (cerebral, pedal, visceral); System looks like it have been twisted into a figure 8
31
why do gastropods nervous system look like it has been twisted into a figure 8?
torsion - MV is twisted ~180 during development
32
Balance sensory receptors that some animals have called?
statocysts
33
what are the 2 steps to gastropod torsion?
1. Large muscle (velar/foot retractor muscle) contracts, Twists MV around ~90 counterclockwise
2. Contraction followed by asymmetric growth
34
what does detorted mean? →
VM has rotated back clockwise to some extent, reversing torsion
35
what are the Effects of Torsion?
Gut empties in rear before torsion but empties over head after torsion
36
what is an implication of torsion?
Anus/nephridiopore empty over head; Effects mollified by unidirectional water flow
37
Why did torsion evolve?
don’t know, protection or helps water flow
38
Bivalvia animals?
Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels
39
Bivalvia characteristics
Marine and freshwater; Laterally compressed, w 2 lateral shells (valves); no radula
40
how do bivalves feed?
suspension feeders; Cilia, muscles pump water into incurrent siphon and out thru gill and out via excurrent siphon, Food captured in mucus on gill; mucus passed to palps
41
what are some bivalve anatomy characteristics?
Mantle, gills are large lateral sheets; Poorly developed nervous system → “eyes” on mantle edge
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how do bivalves reproduce?
Most shed gametes into outgoing current, Females may bring sperm in for internal fertilization; marine bivalves release juveniles or trochophores; freshwater bivalves produce parasitic larvae called glochidia
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common name of scaphopoda?
tusk shells
44
Scaphopoda characteristics
All marine; live buried in sediment; use tentacles to gather food; microorganisms
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what are Scaphopoda tentacles called?
captacula
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Aplacophora characteristics
marine “worms” w calcareous scales or spicules
47
Monoplacophora characteristics
marine, limpet like; Known only as fossils until 1952; multiple pairs of gills, gonads, kidneys
48
Cephalopod characteristics
largest solitary invertebrates - Giant squids 18m+, up to ~1000 pounds (colossal squid); ~1000 living species; all marine predators
49
Nautiloidea →
nautiluses, 2 pairs of gills
50
Ammonoidea →
extinct; common fossils
51
Coleoidea →
internal or no shell, 1 pair of gills
52
Belemnoidea →
extinct; common fossils
53
Decapodiformes →
“squids” and cuttles, high diversity
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Octopodiformes →
vampire squids and octopuses
55
what are some cephalopod synapomorphies?
arms, tentacles, siphon, beak, Chromatophores
56
what are Chromatophores →
cells w pigment sacs; signaling and crupsis
57
what do cephalopod arms and tentacles do?
used for prey capture, usually have suckers
58
what does a cephalopod siphon do?
direct water for propulsion
59
what happens in squid digestion?
beak rips up prey, radula moves chunks to esophagus
60
what happens in squid respiration/circulation?
2 gills, brachial hearts boost blood into gills, systemic heart sends blood to body; Closed circulatory system
61
what happens in squid nervous system?
Several cerebral ganglia around esophagus; Often have cartilaginous “skull”; Sophisticated sense organs; giant axons
62
what happens in squid reproduction/development?
gonochoric; Male packages sperm in spermatophores, specialized arm transfers them to females; Female lays egg masses; semelparous
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what does semelparous mean?
breed once then die
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Cephalopod Behavior: Crypsis →
matching color, pattern, texture of background (Octopus vulgaris)
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Cephalopod Behavior: Mating →
colorful displays between mates, male-male interactions (Sepioteuthis sepioidea)
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Cephalopod Behavior: Predation →
strobe displays in cuttlefish
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Cephalopod Behavior: Bioluminescence →
firefly squid
68
What isn’t found in molluscan mantle cavity? →
operculum
69
what are some Cephalopod Phylogenies?
Vampyroteuthis sister to octopuses; Phylogenomic analyses seem to support clade of large decapodiforms including cuttlefish, myopsids and oegopsids
70
what are annelida?
coelomate triploblastic worms; mostly marine, many FW and terrestrial
71
what are some annelida synapomorphies?
metamerism; paired epidermal chaetae; nuchal organs; trochophores
72
what is a metamerism also known as?
segmentation
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what are nuchal organs?
paired sensory organs on head
74
what are some “Polychaeta” characteristics
mostly marine; parapodia and many setae; many bristles
75
what are Oligochaetes?
earthworms/various aquatic worms; few bristles
76
what are Hirudinea's?
leeches and allies
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what are polychaete's basic anatomy?
homonomous segments that bear parapodia; have prostomium, peristomium, and pygidium
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what does prostomium mean?
before mouth
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what does peristomium mean?
where mouth is
80
what is pygidium?
segment that contains anus
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what does parapodia mean?
large flaps along sides of body
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Polychaete Reproduction/Development characteristics
Have epitokes; teloblastic growth in pygidial growth zone
83
what are epitokes?
swimming forms for gamete dispersal
84
what is the life cycle of polychaetes?
zygote → trochophore → settlement → adult
85
what happens in teloblastic growth?
Mesoderm blocks split off and hollow out
86
what are characteristics of Polychaete burrowers?
small parapodia, tentacles; lots of hemoglobin
87
what are characteristics of Polychaete pelagic predators?
huge eyes, tentacles and parapodia
88
what are characteristics of Polychaete Tentacular suspension/detritus feeders?
Feather dusters (sabellids, serpulids)
89
what are characteristics of Polychaete mucus suspension feeders (Chaetopterus)?
makes U-shaped papery tube; Holds net w 2 parapodia, pumps water thru, particles trapped on net, worm eats net
90
what are characteristics of Polychaete Siboglinidae?
Weird deep sea worms; only part of body is segmented; no guts, have trophosome; Bacterial symbionts generate ATP
91
Siboglinidae used to be a phylum named what?
pogonophora
92
what are Clitellata?
Earthworms, many FW species and Hirudinida
93
Clitellata characteristics
No parapodia; Hermaphroditic; oligochaetes; terrestrial or FW; few setae, have clitellum
94
what does oligochaete mean?
have few (oligo) bristles (chaetae/setae)
95
how do Clitellata reproduce?
Clitellum makes cocoon that picks up eggs then sperm; Eggs fertilized in cocoon, direct development
96
what are Hirudinida?
Leeches and allies, many ectoparasites
97
what are some Hirudinida characteristics?
No setae; have suckers at both body ends; Segments not separated by septa, Annulations don’t correspond to segments, Constant segment number (usually 34)
98
Sipunculidae “peanut worms” characteristics
Unsegmented, ~250 species, all marine; Have retractable introvert, often w hollow tentacles
99
what are Echiuridae?
Unsegmented benthic marine worms; ~130 species
100
what are some Echiuridae characteristics?
have non-retractable ciliated proboscis that sweep substrate w proboscis to gather food
101
What is a Weird echiuran?
Urechis caupo → suspension feeds using mucus net
102
both Echiuridae and Sipunculidae have larvae like those seen in what?
annelids
103
lophophora are a clade of what 3 phyla?
Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa
104
Putative synapomorphies of Lophophorata include:
Lophophore, Epistome
105
what is a lophophore?
ring of coelomic, ciliated feeding tentacles; water is drawn thru it
106
what is an epistome?
muscular lobe near mouth
107
what are characteristics of Phoronida?
Marine benthic tube-dwelling worms; Feed and breathe w lophophore; Have tripartite coelom
108
what are the parts of the tripartite coelom in Phoronida?
protocoel in epistome, mesocoel in tentacles, metacoels - main body cavities
109
how do Phoronida's develop?
Mouth, coelom form like in protostomes; Cleavage, mesoderm formation like deuterostomes; Have unique larva (actinotroch)
110
Brachiopoda characteristics
Marine benthic clam-like suspension feeders; Superb fossil record; lifestyle similar to bivalve mollusks
111
what are the 2 groups of Brachiopoda?
Inarticulates and articulates
112
what are inarticulates?
burrow w muscular pedicle, no teeth
113
what are articulates?
sessile, attach w pedicle, if shells hinges have teeth, they articulate together
114
Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) characteristics
Marine and FW, many species; almost all colonial, polymorphic; each zooid lives in zoecium and has polypide and cystid
115
what does polymorphic mean?
Many forms
116
what is an autozooid?
feeding zooids w lophophore
117
what is an avicularium?
zooid modified into pinchers
118
what are Kenozooids?
stalks and stolons
119
what are Kleistozooids?
nutrient storage
120
what are Kamptozoa?
tiny sessile colonial polyp like animals
121
characteristics of Kamptozoa
have pseudocoel; Solid tentacles that cannot be retracted; no lophophores
122
how do Kamptozoa feed?
bring water up thru tentacles; anus on inside of tentacle rings (entoprocts)
123
what are Cycliophora?
tiny sessile animals
124
Cycliophora characteristics
marine, found on mouthparts of marine crustaceans; ectosymbionts; Feed on debris using ring of cilia around mouth; weird cloning
125
what are Nemertea?
ribbon worms or proboscis worms
126
Nemertea characteristics
marine benthic predators; proboscis for catching prey house in rhynchocoel; secretes sticky/toxic substance; have style and toxic gland
127
what are Xenacoelomorpha?
Group of worms sister to rest of Bilateria
128
Xenacoelomorpha characteristics
~350 species, <5 mm long, all marine; most free living; Some have blind gut, others have mouth but no gut
129
Platyhelminthes characteristics
~20,000 extant species; Triploblastic acoelomate animals; Bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized; Marine, FW, some terrestrial; Free living (“Turbellaria”) or parasitic (Trematoda and Cestoda)
130
what are major flatworm subgroups?
Tricladida (planarians); Polycladida (free living marine worms); Neodermata (all parasitic); Monogenea (mostly fish ectoparasites); Trematoda (flukes); Cestoda (tapeworms)
131
Turbellarian characteristics
Ciliated epidermis and mucus glands; members of clade Tricladida; Gut has 1 opening, muscular pharynx; No special respiration/circulation structures; Protonephridia for osmoregulation; Cephalized ladder-like nervous system; eyespots, chemoreceptors for detecting prey
132
what are Turbellarians?
planarians
132
what does Tricladida mean?
3 branched gut
133
What are parasite advantages?
free, large source of resources; few competitors; protection from environment/predation
133
what are Protonephridia?
flame bulbs
134
How do parasites deal w disadvantages?
cloning/sexual reproduction; specialized integuments; largely anaerobic metabolism; complex life cycles
134
What are disadvantages of being a parasite?
hosts fight back and hard to find
135
what are Trematoda?
flukes
136
Trematoda characteristics
Mostly parasitize mollusks, but also humans
137
what are blood fluke characteristics?
Cause human schistosomiasis; swimmers itch; Schistosomes infect ~200
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what are Cestoda?
tapeworms
139
Cestoda characteristics
No mouth/digestive cavity; Bodies divided into repeated units (proglottids); Gut parasites of vertebrates as adults; Suckers or hooks on scolex attach worm to host
140
what are Chaetognatha?
arrow worms
141
where do Chaetognatha live?
all marine, most pelagic
141
what do Chaetognatha eat?
ambush predators, eat invertebrates and small fish
142
Chaetognatha characteristics
No respiratory, circulatory, or excretory structures; Transparent; All hermaphrodites
143
what are Micrometazoans?
Grade of animals less than 1 mm long; not a clade; pseudocoelomates
144
Micrometazoans characteristics?
vermiform; Low fecundity and weird sex - hermaphroditism/cloning are common; Eutely; “Reduced” organ systems; Physiologically tough
145
what does vermiform mean?
worm shaped
146
what does eutely mean?
cell constancy
147
Gnathifera: Rotifera and Acanthocephala characteristics
Found in all aquatic habitats; 1 diverse asexual group (Bdelloidea) - no male bdelloids; Includes Acanthocephala - spiny headed worms, vertebrate endoparasites
147
Gnathifera: Rotifera and Acanthocephala General anatomy
Ciliated corona on head for swimming/feeding; Adhesive toes w cement glands
148
Gnathostomulida characteristics
Tiny hermaphroditic marine worms w rotifer-like jaws; Marine, interstitial in low oxygen sediments, ~80 species
149
Micrognathozoa characteristics
Tiny, wormlike animals w complex jaws; 1 known species (Limnognathia maersk); FW, interstitial
