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Biology > Animal Co-ordination, Control And Homeostatis > Flashcards

Animal Co-ordination, Control And Homeostatis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messages produced by endocrine glands and released directly into the blood stream

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2
Q

How does the hormone get to the target organ?

A

Hormone produced from gland

Diffuses into blood

Blood carries hormone to target organ

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3
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Produces many hormones

Regulates body conditions

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4
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Produces thyroxine

Regulating metabolic rate + heart rate

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5
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Produces adrenaline

Fight or flight

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces oestrogen

Menstrual cycle

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7
Q

Testes

A

Produces testosterone

Controls puberty + sperm production

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8
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin

Regulates blood glucose levels

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9
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Increases heart rate + blood pressure
Because heart muscles contract more rapidly

Increases blood flow to the muscles

Stimulates liver changing glycogen into glucose
(Raises blood sugar levels)

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10
Q

Negative feedback

A

Body detects level above/below normal level, triggering response, bringing levels back to normal

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11
Q

Negative feedback regulates…

A

Thyroxine levels

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12
Q

What happens when thyroxine levels are low?

A
  • stimulates TRH production in hypothalamus
  • stimulates pituitary gland, realising TSH
  • TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine
  • thyroxine levels increase
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13
Q

What happens when thyroxine levels are too high?

A

TRH production in hypothalamus is inhibited

Reducing production of TSH

Thyroxine levels decrease to normal level

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14
Q

What happens day 1-5 of menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation happens

Lining of uterus breaks down
Because of low levels oestrogen and progesterone

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15
Q

What happens day 5-14 of menstrual cycle?

A

Uterus lining starts to thicken

Because of oestrogen

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16
Q

What happens day 14 of menstrual cycle?

A

LH surge stimulates ovulation

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17
Q

What happens day 14-25 of menstrual cycle?

A

If no fertilised egg has landed on uterus, spongy layer breaks down again

The cycle restarts

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18
Q

Role of FSH

A

Made in pituitary gland

Helps egg mature before ovulation

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19
Q

Role of oestrogen

A

Made in ovaries

Causes uterus lining to thicken

20
Q

Role of LH

A

Made in pituitary gland

LH surge stimulates ovulation

21
Q

Role of progesterone

A

Made in corpus luteum

Maintains lining of uterus

22
Q

What’s ovulation?

A

Ovary releases egg

23
Q

Contraception methods

A

Hormone (combined pill)

Contraceptive patch

Condom

Diaphram

24
Q

What does the combined pill + contraceptive patch do?

A

Releases hormones (oestrogen+progesterone), preventing ovulation

Thickens mucus around the cervix

Prevents sperm reaching the vagina

25
Q

What does a condom do?

A

Prevents fertilisation + pregnancy

26
Q

What does a diaphragm do?

A

Silicone dome which covers the cervix

Keeping sperm out of he uterus

27
Q

Success rate for hormonal contraception

A

99%

28
Q

Success rate for condom

A

98%

29
Q

Success rate for diaphragm

A

92% - 96%

30
Q

Cons of hormonal contraception

A

Headaches

Acne

STI’s

31
Q

What does ART stand for?

A

Assisted reproductive technology

32
Q

Clomifene therapy

A

Infertile women take the hormone

Causing FSH and LH production, stimulating ovulation

33
Q

IVF (in vitro fertilisation)

A

FSH + LH given before egg collection (stimulate egg production)

Egg is collected and fertilised w/ sperm in a lab

Embryo transferred back into uterus

34
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining constant internal environment

35
Q

How can you control blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

36
Q

What do you add if blood glucose levels are too HIGH?

A

Insulin

37
Q

What do you add if blood glucose levels are too LOW?

A

Glucagon

38
Q

How does insulin balance blood glucose levels?

A

Pancreas produces insulin

Insulin causes cells to remove glucose form the blood

Liver converts glucose into glycogen + stores it

Homeostasis took place

39
Q

How does glucagon balance blood glucose levels?

A

Pancreas releases glucagon into bloodstream

Glucagon triggers liver cells
Converting glycogen stores into glucose

Glucose released into the blood

40
Q

Diabetes type 1

A

Pancreas doesn’t work properly

Lack on insulin produced

41
Q

Diabetes type 2

A

Pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin

42
Q

Symptom of diabetes

A

Thirsty

Hunger

Fatigue

Urination

Loss of weight

43
Q

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin injection before meals

44
Q

Treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

Balanced diet

Exercise

45
Q

What’s the correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes?

A

People whom are obese are more likely to become diabetic

46
Q

What is classed obese?

A

BMI = over 30

47
Q

BMI

A

Mass / (height)2

Biology (8 decks)

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