Animal biology

Question 1

What is anology?

Answer 1

The relationship of any two characters that have descended from unreleased ancestors e.g. Insect and bird wings

Question 2

Humans are descendents of apes true or false?

Answer 2

False humans and apes are both descended from common ancestors

Question 3

What are some of the evidence for evolution?

Answer 3

Vestigial structures

The fossil record

The age of the earth

Question 4

Describe life before and after the Cambrian explosion.

What enabled the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 4

Before - most animals were sessile feeders or floating predators
After - a variety of mobile predators, filter feeders grazers and scavengers

Light

Question 5

When did the first living organisms appear?

When did the first multicellular animals appear?

Answer 5

3.5 billion years ago

565 million years ago

Question 6

What is a phylum?

What is phylogeny?

Answer 6

A taxonomic group between kingdom and family

The evolutionary history of a phylum (or any other taxonomical unit)

Question 7

What is Heckel’s biogenetic law?

What does it mean?

Answer 7

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

During embryonic development an organism will recapitulate the process it’s ancestors wheat though when evolving

Question 8

Describe these embryonal layers and what they give rise to:

• endoderm
• mesoderm
• ectoderm

Answer 8

Single layer of flat cells inside the gastrula, gives rise to internal organs (viscera)

Between the other two layers, gives rise to the skeleton and the muscles

2-4 cell layers thick, gives rise to the nervous system

Question 9

What develops first in a protosome?

What develops first in a deuterostome?

Answer 9

The original blastophore forms the mouth and a new anus is formed

The blastophore forms the anus and a new mouth is formed

Question 10

What are the two classifications of protosomes?

Answer 10

Lophotrochozoa

Ecydsozoa

Question 11

What is homology?

Answer 11

The relationship of any two characters that have descended from a common ancestral character

Question 12

What part of drosophila does bicoid define?

Answer 12

The head

Question 13

How to fly (and other) embryos distinguish up from down?

Answer 13

Using gravity

Question 14

What happens during the first stage (cleavage) or drosophila development?

Answer 14

Nuclear divisions occur, some cells migrate to the outside. Pole cell forms

Question 15

Where does bicoid come from?

Answer 15

Maternal RNA

Question 16

What protein inhibits hunchback?

Answer 16

Nanos

Question 17

What part of the drosophila embryo is nanos found at?

Answer 17

Tail end

Question 18

Define the phenotype of a:

• bicoid mutant
• nanos mutant
• torso mutant

Answer 18

No production of structures that lead to the head

Crunched posterior (loss of posterior control genes)

Just a torso, can’t distinguish head from tail

Question 19

What effect do bicoid and hunchback have on Kruppel in drosophila development?

Answer 19

Bicoid activates Kruppel

Hunchback represses Kruppel at low concentrations (and activates it a high concentrations)

Question 20

What are the two main phyla of the ecdysozoan clade?

Answer 20

Nematoda and Arthropoda

Question 21

What are the four subgroups of Arthropods?

Answer 21

Chelicerates (spiders, mites, scorpions)

Myriapods (centi- and millipedes)

Insects

Crustaceans

Question 22

What are the major clades of chordates (part of the duterostome group)?

Answer 22

Craniates

Vertebrates

Gnathostomes

Tetrapods

Amniotes

Mammals

Question 23

Do Echinoderms (e.g. Starfish) have bilateral or radial symmetry?

Answer 23

Bilateral