Animal Biology Flashcards
What are the four major types of tissues?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial tissue
Occurs as sheets of cells. Cover the outside of body or line organs and cavities. Act as barriers due to tight junctions. Act as dynamic interfaces with environment.
Describe the general characteristics and functions of connective tissue
Sparse populations of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix. Holds tissues and organs in place.
Describe the general characteristics and functions of muscle tissue
Contain filaments that contract. Characteristics include flexible, elastic, and electrical excitability. Aids in bodily movement, maintains posture. Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Cardiac muscle has nucleus and intercalated discs. Skeletal muscle has nuclei, sarcomeres, myofibril. Smooth muscle has nucleus and muscle fibres.
Describe the general characteristics and functions of nervous tissue
Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information. Consists of nerve cells which transmit information, and support cells called glial cells.
Name two examples of epithelial tissue and how they display the general characteristics of the tissue
Skin and lungs. Skin is stratified tissue; it is multilayered and regenerates. Lungs are simple squamous tissue; it is platelike, for exchange.
Name two examples of connective tissue and how they display the general characteristics of the tissue
Blood and Bone. Blood is a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma containing RBCs and WCBs. Bone is formed from a matrix of collagen deposited by osteoblasts, which is combine with minerals
Name two examples of muscle tissue and how they display the general characteristics of the tissue
Three types of muscle tissue; smooth, skeletal, and cardiac. Smooth includes organ walls, blood vessel walls. Skeletal insludes large body muscles. Cardiac mslce includes heart wall.
Name two examples of nervous tissue and how they display the general characteristics of the tissue
Brain and spinal cord.
What is the excretory system’s two functions for maintaining homeostasis?
Excretion and Osmoregulation
What is excretion
Process where body removes nitrogenous waste products, deactivated drugs, toxins, and excess solutes from the body
What is osmoregulation
Process where body balances intake and loss of water and solutes
How does excretory system help you maintain homeostasis when you are dehydrated (Why is urine darker-coloured when you are thirsty)?
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What is water intoxication
consuming too much water and or losing too any salts through sweating
What are nephrons
The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine.
4 steps nephrons do to complete its function
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion
What is a glomerulus
Ball of capillaries *
What is the Bowman’s capsule
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What is glomerular filtrate
Fluid that escaped into nephron after being filtered by the glomerular capillary walls.
What happens in Filtration
High blood pressure in capsule causes fluid to be pushed out of blood vessel to be captured by nephron. Glomerulus capillary walls act like a filter (to keep blood cells and other large particles within blood vessel) the fluid that escaped into nephron is called glomerular filtrate.
What happens in reabsorption
Glomerular filtrate containing water and valuable is reabsorbed by nephron. Blood vessel that takes blood away from glomerulus remains adjacent ti nephron so reabsorbed solutes & water efficiently moves back into blood by diffusion and osmosis.
What happens in secretion
One way to conserve water is to concentrate as much metabolic waste into as small volume of urine as possible. Kidney actively transports wastes into filtrate as it is processed into urine
What happens in excretion
Once filtrate has been processed (through reabsorption and secretion) it becomes concentrated urine that is ready to be excreted from your body when you urinate
Explain what happened to the other 158.5 L of fluid that entered the nephron as glomerular filtrate
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Explain how we replenish water lost from our bodies (be specific about the organ systems and organs involved)
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Explain why there are no protein in the glomerular filtrate or the urine (hint: proteins are very large molecules)
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Explain why glucose concentrations are 120mg/100mL in the blood entering and exiting the glomerulus AND in the glomerular filtrate, but absent in the urine
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Explain why urea concentrations are 30mg/100mL in the blood entering and exiting the glomerulus and in the glomerular filtrate, but at 2000mg/100mL in the urine
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Explain the differences in concentration between the arterial blood entering the glomerulus and venous blood exiting the kidneys (the explanations for each solutes change in concentration are different)
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List in sequential order the enzymes involved with digesting starch into simple sugars (monosaccharides). For each enzyme name the organ that produces it, and locations where it is active in digesting food
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List in sequential order the enzymes involved with digesting protein into amino acids. For each enzyme name the organ that produces it, and locations where it is active in digesting food
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List in sequential order the enzymes involved with digesting DNA/RNA into nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. For each enzyme name the organ that produces it, and locations where it is active in digesting food
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List in sequential order the enzymes involved with digesting fats into fatty acids and glycerol. For each enzyme name the organ that produces it, and locations where it is active in digesting food
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Give two reasons why more than one enzyme is necessary for digesting each type of biological molecule
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Function of trachea in a rat
Provides airway from mouth to bronchi
Function of esophagus in a rat
Carries food to stomach, food tube from pharynx to stomach
Function of stomach in a rat
Adds acid, grinds food, digestive system, aids in digestion of proteins
Function of liver in a rat
Makes bile, stores glycogen/vitamins, processes toxins for kidneys, secretes bile, cleans blood, stores glycogen
Function of small intestine in a rat
Digests and absorbs nutrients
Function of cecum in a rat
Found at junction of small intestine and large intestines, holds bacteria and digest cellulose for rats
Function of large intestine/colon in a rat
Collect and concentrate feces, reabsorption of water
Function of pancreas in a rat
Produces insulin for glucose metabolism; digestive enzymes
Function of kidneys in a rat
Removes wastes and excess water from blood; makes urine
Function of renal artery & vein in a rat
Renal artery takes blood into the kidney and renal vein transports blood out of the kidney.
Function of ureter in a rat
Tube through which urine passes from the urinary bladder inside the body for elimination to the outside of the body in urination
Function of urinary bladder in a rat
Collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination
What are the three types of nitrogenous wastes?
Ammonia, urea, uric acid
How is ammonia produced
It is the primary nitrogenous waste produced when proteins break down and the resulting amino acids subsequently deanimate
How are urea and uric acid produced
Additional reactions with CO2 occur to convert ammonia into urea or uric acid
Rank ammonia, urea, and uric acid in order from most toxic to least toxic
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How did dilution to 0.01M affect toxicity of ammonia
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Explain why ammonia is not a suitable form of nitrogenous waste for terrestrial animals
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Explain why ammonia is an acceptable excretory product for animals that live in freshwater environments
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Which nitrogenous waste is most appropriate for a terrestrial animal that has access to water in their diet
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Which nitrogenous waste is most appropriate for animals that lay shelled eggs, like birds and other reptiles. (hint: nitrogenous wastes cannot escape the intact shells of these eggs, and high conc. of waste could harm developing embryos)
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Describe some differences between the blood entering the kidney and the blood exiting the kidney (go beyond data given in lab prep exercise B: Use what you learned in lecture and your textbook readings. The answers to this question reflect the reasons why our excretory system evolved in the first place_
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In which region of the kidney does filtration occur? (where do the glomeruli of the bloods meet the Bowman’s capsules of the nephrones)
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Which region of the kidney is hypertonic enough to draw water out of the nephron to concentrate the urine? Which solutes are primarily responsible for creating this hypertonic environment?
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Name the microscopic tubes that “collect” urine from many nephrons and deliver this urine into renal pelvis:
collecting ducts
Draw meristem tissue, what is its function, what are its structural features and list examples.
To produce new cells that can differentiate into all other cell types.
Thin cell walls, lack of differentiation, rapid cell division, sensitivity to physical and hormonal signals.
The tissues in apical bud at the top of a growing plant.
Draw dermal tissue, what is its function, what are its structural features and list examples.
To form a thin, protective layer that covers the outer surfaces of plants.
Forms a single, densely-packed layer of cells, and often secretes a waxy layer (called the cuticle) on the outer surfaces of the plant.
The outermost layer of cells in a maple leaf.
Draw ground: parenchyma tissue, what is its function, what are its structural features and list examples.
To store energy reserves, perform photosynthesis, and/or differentiate into other planet cell types when under specific chemical or hormonal conditions.
Thin cell walls, lack of differentiation, sensitivity to physical and hormonal signals, contain large vacuoles, and/or many chloroplasts.
The bulk of what you eat in carrots, radishes, and potatoes.
Draw ground: collenchyma tissue, what is its function, what are its structural features and list examples.
To provide support to structures while still allowing continued growth.
Unevenly thickened primary cell walls (mostly at their corners).
The crisp parts of a young, flexible celery stalk.
Draw ground: sclerenchyma tissue, what is its function, what are its structural features and list examples.
To provide hard, rigid, physical support to plant structures.
Dead cells with thick secondary cell walls impregnated with lignin, a complex hard organic material that gives these walls great strength.
The hard, rigid shells that protect nuts and seeds.
Draw Vascular (xylem): vessels, fibbers, tracheids tissue, what is its function, what are its structural features and list examples.
To conduct water and nutrients from roots to leaves, and to physically support the plant body.
Dead cells with secondary cell walls heavily thickened with lignin. These cells form a network of interconnected tubes.
The sapwood of sugar maple tree that is tapped to make maple syrup.
Draw Vascular (phloem): Sieve Tube cells, Companion cells, what is its function, what are its structural features and list examples.
To transport photosynthetic products (e.g. sugars) throughout the plant.
Long, un-nucleated, living cells joined end-to-end to form long tubes, with perforations in the cell walls at each junction. Adjacent nucleated cells control the functioning of these long tube-forming cells.
A living layer of a cedar tree’s trunk. When a strip of this layer is removed all the way around the tree trunk (in a process known as girdling), the tree dies in a year or less
