Animal Anatomy Flashcards
lay eggs and develop the eggs inside the mother’s body. The eggs are hatched inside the mother.
Oviviparous animals
These are types of toxins found in snake venom
________ - Affect the nervous system by seizing up the nerve centers, often causing breathing to cease
_________ - Deteriorate the muscles of the heart, causing it to stop beating
___________ - Cause the blood vessels to rupture, resulting in widespread internal bleeding
Neurotoxins
Cardiotoxins
Hemotoxins
the exit point for waste and reproductive fluid of a male snake
cloaca
this is the two sex organs of a male snake that extends and releases sperm
hemipenes
a type of fertilization wherein the sperm-egg fusion takes place inside the female body.
internal fertilization
where the sperm-egg fusion takes place externally, outside the female body. The embryo develops and matures in the external environment.
external fertilization
__________ is development of the embryo inside the body of the mother. ________ is its counterpart
viviparity
oviparity
which are microscopic, natural pigments in an animal’s body, produce colors chemically. Their chemical makeup is such that they absorb some colors of light and reflect others. The apparent color of a pigment is a combination of all the visible wavelengths of light that are reflected by that pigment.
biochromes
is a coloration that matches an animal’s surroundings.
camouflage
Feathers and fur in animals are like human hair and fingernails – they are actually ____________. They are attached to the animal, but since they are not alive, the animal can do nothing to alter their composition.
dead tissue
Biochromes may be in cells at the skin’s surface or in cells at deeper levels. These deeper-level cells are called ____________. Chameleons use this.
___________ are a type of chromatophore that produce and store melanin
are cells that contain nanocrystals: these are transparent and made up of guanine, one of the four bases that make up DNA.
chromatophores
Melanophores
Iridophores
T or F.
Chameleons tend to change their skin color when their mood changes, not when they move into different surroundings.
T
to reflect a desire to mate or fight an opposing male, or as a sign of submission
____________ are the most diverse ecosystem on Earth, and also the oldest.
Tropical rainforests
is an environment that receives high rainfall and is dominated by tall trees (has a very steady climate). They receive nearly the same amount of sunlight, and therefore heat, all year.
rainforest
growth of an organism in response to a light stimulus
phototropism
a plant that grows on another plant but is not parasitic, such as the numerous ferns, bromeliads, air plants, and orchids growing on tree trunks in tropical rainforests. (Ex. orchids and ferns)
epiphyte
In the past, scientists often referred to __________as the “lungs of the world” because of the large amount of oxygen they produce. M
tropical rainforests
Venus flytrap scientific name
Dionaea muscipula
_______________ also called major life zone, the largest geographic biotic unit, a major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions.
biomes
the count, or total number, of unique species within a given biological community, ecosystem, biome, or other defined area.
species richness
place where an organism or a community of organisms lives, including all living and nonliving factors or conditions of the surrounding environment.
habitat
the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its normal patterns of nutrient cycling and biomass production after being subjected to damage caused by an ecological disturbance.
Ecological resilience/ecological robustness
the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life. It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with the factors responsible for variations in distribution.
Biogeography
Father of Biogeography
Alfred Russel Wallace
the sum total of individuals from a given species within a given area.
species abundance
In general, species richness with proximity to the Equator and (increase or decrease??) from the Equator to the poles.
increases
decrease
the complex of living organisms, their physical environment, and all their interrelationships in a particular unit of space.
ecosystem
The fundamental source of energy in almost all ecosystems is ____________ from the Sun. The energy of sunlight is used by the ecosystem’s autotrophic organisms
radiant energy
they are called as the self-sustaining, organisms
autotrophs
consumers of the ecosystem; they cannot make their own food.
heterotrophs
The movement of organic matter and energy from the producer level through various consumer levels makes up a ________________
food chain
The final link in all food chains is made up of _____________, those heterotrophs (such as scavenging birds and mammals, insects, fungi, and bacteria) that break down dead organisms and organic wastes into smaller and smaller components, which can later be used by producers as nutrients.
decomposers
A food chain in which the primary consumer feeds on living plants is called a _____________, and a food chain in which the primary consumer feeds on dead plant matter is known as a ___________.
grazing pathway
detritus pathway
are chemical elements and compounds that organisms must obtain from their surroundings for growth and the sustenance of life
Nutrients
cells of each are made up primarily of six major elements which are
CHON
PS
The first four makes up 99 percent of the cell
the six elements form the core ________ (that is, the semifluid substance that makes up a cell’s cytoplasm and nucleus)
protoplasm
___________ and other elements help to form cellular support structures such as shells, internal or external skeletons, and cell walls.
Altogether, 16 elements are found in all organisms; another eight elements are found in some organisms but not in
Calcium
_____________ molecules, which allow photosynthetic plants to convert solar energy into chemical energy, are chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen compounds built around a magnesium ion.
Chlorophyll
________________ any of the natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated. The term ____________ is a contraction that refers to the consideration of the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of each cycle.
Biogeochemical cycle
biogeochemical
A common measure of this variety, called _______________, is the count of species in an area.
species richness
any one of several biodiverse regions which requires protection on the grounds that it hosts a significant number of endangered species.
hot spot
it refers to the reduction in the number of genes, individual organisms, species, and ecosystems in a given area
biodiversity loss
thinning, fragmenting, or outright destruction of an ecosystem’s plant, soil, hydrologic, and nutrient resources
habitat loss
Habitat loss and degradation—which is any thinning, fragmentation, or destruction of an existing natural habitat—reduces or eliminates the food resources and living space for most species. Species that cannot migrate are often wiped out.
any nonnative species that significantly modifies or disrupt the ecosystems it colonizes
invasive species
which are non-native species that significantly modify or disrupt the ecosystems they colonize—may outcompete native species for food and habitat, which triggers population declines in native species. Invasive species may arrive in new areas through natural migration or through human introduction.
process of harvesting too many acquatic or terrestrial animals, which depletes the stocks of some species while driving others to extinction
overexploitation
which is the harvesting of game animals, fish, or other organisms beyond the capacity for surviving populations to replace their losses—results in some species being depleted to very low numbers and others being driven to extinction.
addition of any substance or any form of energy to the environment at a rate faster than it can be rendered harmless
pollution
which is the addition of any substance or any form of energy to the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless form—contributes to biodiversity loss by creating health problems in exposed organisms. In some cases, exposure may occur in doses high enough to kill outright or create reproductive problems that threaten the species’s survival.
is an interacting group of various species in a common location.
(biological) community
five important drivers of biodiversity loss
habitat loss and degradation (1)
invasive species (1)
overexploitation
pollution
climate change associated with global warming
which is the modification of Earth’s climate caused by the burning of fossil fuels—is caused by industry and other human activities.
Climate change associated with global warming
a global ecosystem composed of living organisms (biota) and the abiotic (nonliving) factors from which they derive energy and nutrients.
biosphere
are those involving marine environments and freshwater environments on the land.
Aquatic ecosystems
are those based on major vegetational types, such as forest, grassland, desert, and tundra.
Terrestrial ecosystems
the differential success of the reproduction of hereditary variations resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment
Natural selection
the movement of genes among different populations of a species
gene flow/gene migration
the genetic change that occurs in small populations owing to chance
random genetic drift
______________ convert solar energy into the chemical energy of living tissue, and that stored chemical energy flows into herbivores, predators, parasites, decomposers, and all other forms of life
photosynthetic plants
___________, in ecology, all of the interactions of a species with the other members of its community, including competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism. Informally, it is considered the “job” or “role” that a species performs within nature.
Niche
dead organic materials from any trophic level from the ecosystem
detritus
In a _______ chain, a plant-eating animal is eaten by a flesh-eating animal.
In a __________ chain, a smaller organism consumes part of a larger host and may itself be parasitized by even smaller organisms.
In a __________ chain, microorganisms live on dead organic matter.
predator
parasite
saprophytic
Because energy, in the form of heat, is lost at each step, or trophic level, chains do not normally encompass more than ____________ trophic levels.
four or five
, the weight or total quantity of living organisms of one animal or plant species (species biomass) or of all the species in a community (community biomass), commonly referred to a unit area or volume of habitat.
refers to plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel.
biomass
_____________ is the process that describes how the structure of a biological community (that is, an interacting group of various species in a desert, forest, grassland, marine environment, and so on) changes over time. Species that arrive first in a newly created environment (such as an island rising out of the sea) are called _____________, and they, through their interactions with one another, build a rather simple initial biological community.
ecological succession
pioneer species
A type of ecological succession that begins in essentially lifeless areas, such as regions in which there is no soil or where the soil is incapable of sustaining life (because of recent lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier).
Primary succession
The first species to arrive are fast-growing “weedy species,” such as lichens or small annual plants, which create the first layers of soil as they decompose.
_____________ occurs in areas where a biological community has already existed but some or all of that community has been removed by small-scale disturbances that did not eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment.
secondary succession
In some environments, succession reaches a ____________, which produces a stable community dominated by a small number of prominent species.
This state of equilibrium, called the____________, is thought to result when the web of interactions between the members of the biological community becomes so intricate that no other species can be admitted
climax
climax community
is the most plentiful element in Earth’s atmosphere and is a constituent of all living matter.
Nitrogen
The vast majority of nitrogen fixation in nature is performed by certain types of bacteria and by blue-green algae also called.
cyanobacterias
are the only flowering plants which grow in marine environments.
seagrasses
they are also called as the “the lungs of the sea” because they release oxygen into the water through the process of photosynthesis.
seagrasses
flowering plants are also called
angiosperms
are pores on the epidermis of leaves and young stems.
stomas
is a Bureau under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources responsible for administering, surveying, managing, and disposing Alienable and Disposable (A&D) lands and other government lands not placed under the jurisdiction of other government agencies. Provide the full text
Land Management Bureau
is an international treaty on climate change. Adopted in 2015, the agreement covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance.
Paris Agreement/ Paris Accords or the Paris Climate Accords
_________________ refers to an increase in the concentration of a substance as you move up the food chain. This often occurs because the pollutant is persistent, meaning that it cannot be, or is very slowly, broken down by natural processes. These persistent pollutants are transferred up the food chain faster than they are broken down or excreted.
Bioamplification (or biomagnification,
______________ occurs within an organism, where a concentration of a substance builds up in the tissues and is absorbed faster than it is removed. Bioaccumulation often occurs in two ways, simultaneously: by eating contaminated food, and by absorption directly from water.
Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation often occurs in two ways, simultaneously: by eating contaminated food, and by absorption directly from water. This second case is specifically referred to as _____________.
bioconcentration
organism whose genome has been engineered in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products
Genetically modified organism
GMO
smallest endemic ungulate (hoofed animals) in the Philippines
Balabac mouse deer/Balabac chevrotain/Philippine mouse deer/Pilandok (Tragulus nigricans)
is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis.
what do you call the root fungus
Myco-heterotrophy Mycotrophy
mycorrhizae
it means having an interdependent relationship. The organisms are called symbionts.
Symbiosis
four main symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and competition
is a membrane or fold of skin between the forelimbs and hind limbs on each side of a bat or gliding mammal.
Patagium
A _________ is a symbiotic relationship between a roots of a plant and a fungus while ________ associates between a fungus and an algae.
mycorrhiza
lichen
a term used to describe a large and incredibly diverse group of eukaryotic, photosynthetic lifeforms
algae
blue-green algae is also called
cyanobacteria
When cyanobacteria evolved at least ________ years ago, they set the stage for a remarkable transformation. They became Earth’s first photo-synthesizers, making food using water and the Sun’s energy, and releasing oxygen as a result. This catalyzed a sudden, dramatic rise in oxygen, making the environment less hospitable for other microbes that could not tolerate oxygen. this icalled the ______
It was recorded in changes in seafloor rocks.
2.4 billion
Great Oxidation Event
_______ were the earliest life forms, simple creatures that fed on carbon compounds that were accumulating in Earth’s early oceans
Prokaryotes
a combination of a fungus and an algae that sticks on anything
lichens
this is the distinct structure of a lichen that allows it to survive
thallus
___ are filaments that explore the soil or any other substrate where fungi are growing and secrete digestive enzymes onto their food source. they branch repeatedly into a complicated, radially expanding network called the_______, which makes up the thallus, or undifferentiated body, of the typical fungus
hyphae (s: hypha), mycelium
A lichen is a_______ that consists of a mutualistic relationship between a fungus (the______) and an alga or cyanobacterium (the______).
dual organism
mycobiont (fungal component)
photobiont (algal component)
scientific name of venus flytrap
Dionaea muscipula
