Angola

Question 1

MPLA

Answer 1

People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola
Head: Agosthino Neto
Had communist ties with the USSR

Question 2

FNLA

Answer 2

National Liberation Front of Angola
Head: Holden Roberto
Got support from US, China and the Congo

Question 3

UNITA

Answer 3

National Union for The Total Independence of Angola
Jonas Savimbi
Initially influenced by Chinese communism before turning to American capitalism
Supported by China, USA and South Africa

Question 4

How was Africa drawn into the cold war

Answer 4

Wave of African countries gaining independence during the 60s
USSR and US start supporting factions in various countries in order to expand sphere of influence
China was competing with the USSR for influence on Africa’s socialist movements
West sought to protect trade links and access to mineral and strategic sea routes
“Total onslaught” - Fears in SA of Southern African communists overthrowing NP government

Question 5

Carnation revolution

Answer 5

1974: Army mutiny against Fascist regime in Portugal

People wanted to get rid of colonies

Question 6

Alvor Accords

Answer 6

1975: Agreement between Portugal and Liberation movement that war of independence would end and Angola were to hold general elections.

Question 7

Angolan Civil War

Answer 7

July 1975: Stemmed from Ethnic and ideological differences as well as support from different foreign powers.

Question 8

Battle of Cuito Cuanavale

Answer 8

1987: MPLA military win People’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA) lay siege to UNITA stronghold in South Eastern Angola.
SADF went to UNITA’s aid
MPLA received help from Cuba.
Mar 1988: Battle ends
Dec: New York Accords are signed: Ended foreign involvement in Civil war as well granting independence to South West Africa.

Question 9

Impact on regional stability

Answer 9

Southern Africa became less stable after Angola gained independence
Country was thrown into conflict as a civil was broke out
Refugees from war moved to Zaire and Zambia and caused instability
Independence encouraged Black Liberation movements against White domination in South Africa, South West Africa and Rhodesia.

Question 10

Changing nature of international relations in 1989

Answer 10

1989: Cold War ends as USSR collapse
US and USSR stop supporting liberation movements
1991: Bicesse Accords; Agreement to multi-party elections
Civil war resumed as Savimbi rejected election results
1994: Lusaka Protocol: UNITA would disarm and integrate into government
2002: Luanda memorandum ended the Angolan Civil War
Many humanitarian organisations are laboriously clearing known mine fields